{"id":7401,"date":"2025-06-21T12:38:20","date_gmt":"2025-06-21T12:38:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=7401"},"modified":"2025-06-21T12:38:20","modified_gmt":"2025-06-21T12:38:20","slug":"kvaentir-karlar-kvaentar-konur-kvaent-kvar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2025\/06\/21\/kvaentir-karlar-kvaentar-konur-kvaent-kvar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kv\u00e6ntir karlar, kv\u00e6ntar konur, kv\u00e6nt kv\u00e1r"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c var \u00ed g\u00e6r v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed fyrirs\u00f6gn<\/a> \u00ed DV<\/em>, \u201eF\u00e9kk \u00e1fall \u00feegar hann komst a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i gift sig \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vita af \u00fev\u00ed\u201c og spurt hvort ekki hef\u00f0i frekar \u00e1tt a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kv\u00e6ntur<\/em> \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vita af \u00fev\u00ed vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 karlmenn kv\u00e6ntust <\/em>en konur giftust<\/em>. Vissulega er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 s\u00f6gnin gifta <\/em>er skyld gefa <\/em>og merkti \u00e1\u00f0ur 'gefa til eiginkonu'. S\u00fa merking er gefin fyrst \u00ed \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>en einnig merkingin 'gefa saman, v\u00edgja \u00ed hj\u00f3naband'. Mi\u00f0myndin giftast <\/em>er sk\u00fdr\u00f0 'ganga \u00ed hj\u00f3naband' og sagt \u201en\u00fa b\u00e6\u00f0i um karl og konu, \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0eins um konuna\u201c. \u00cd \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>er gifta sig <\/em>sk\u00fdrt<\/a> 'ganga \u00ed hj\u00f3naband' og mi\u00f0myndin giftast <\/em>sk\u00fdr\u00f0<\/a> 'ganga \u00ed hj\u00f3naband (me\u00f0 e-m)'. \u00dear er \u00fev\u00ed ekki gert upp \u00e1 milli kynja sem endurspeglar venjulega notkun.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>fr\u00e1 1920-1924 er sagt<\/a> a\u00f0 upphaflegum mun \u00e1 giftast <\/em>og kvongast <\/em>s\u00e9 oft haldi\u00f0 \u00ed ritm\u00e1li, en \u00ed talm\u00e1li s\u00e9 giftast <\/em>og gifta sig <\/em>nota\u00f0 um b\u00e6\u00f0i kyn. En \u00feetta f\u00f3r a\u00f0 ri\u00f0last l\u00f6ngu fyrr, l\u00edka \u00ed ritm\u00e1li. \u00cd Gu\u00f0brandsbibl\u00edu <\/em>fr\u00e1 1584 segir t.d. \u201eOg Abraham gifti sig aftur\u201c og \u201eHver s\u00edna eiginkonu forl\u00e6tur og giftist annarri, s\u00e1 dr\u00fdgir h\u00f3r\u201c. \u00a0\u00cd Biskupa-ann\u00e1lum J\u00f3ns Egilssonar <\/em>fr\u00e1 fyrri hluta sautj\u00e1ndu aldar segir: \u201esag\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 eitt vera, a\u00f0 prestinum v\u00e6ri banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 giptast.\u201c Fleiri d\u00e6mi fr\u00e1 sautj\u00e1ndu og \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld eru<\/a> \u00ed Ritm\u00e1lssafni <\/em>Or\u00f0ab\u00f3kar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans, og \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is <\/em>m\u00e1 finna fj\u00f6lda d\u00e6ma fr\u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld um a\u00f0 karlmenn giftist<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 notkun sagnarinnar gifta<\/em>(st<\/em>) og l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0sins giftur <\/em>um b\u00e6\u00f0i karla og konur s\u00e9 fullkomlega venjuleg og e\u00f0lileg.<\/p>\n

\u00d6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li gegnir um s\u00f6gnina sem notu\u00f0 var um karla sem gengu \u00ed hj\u00f3naband \u2013 kv\u00e6nast <\/em>(kvongast<\/em>). \u00cd \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>er h\u00fan sk\u00fdr\u00f0<\/a> 'gifta sig (um karlmann)' og \u00ed M\u00e1lfarsbankanum <\/em>er vara\u00f0<\/a> s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0 rangri notkun hennar: \u201eS\u00f6gnin\u00a0kv\u00e6nast<\/strong>\u00a0merkir: giftast konu. Konur giftast m\u00f6nnum en kv\u00e6nast \u00feeim ekki.\u201c \u00deessi munur \u00e1 giftast <\/em>og kv\u00e6nast <\/em>er svo sem skiljanlegur. Hin or\u00f0sifjafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu tengsl giftast <\/em>vi\u00f0 gefa <\/em>eru m\u00e1lnotendum ekki ofarlega \u00ed huga, enda er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00fat\u00edma hugmyndir a\u00f0 kona gefist <\/em>manni e\u00f0a s\u00e9 gefin<\/em> honum. Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti er kv\u00e6nast<\/em> komi\u00f0 af kv\u00e1n <\/em>sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar var\u00f0 kvon<\/em> og kemur fram \u00ed myndinni kvongast<\/em>, og \u00fe\u00f3tt kv\u00e6nast <\/em>s\u00e9 ekki s\u00e9rlega l\u00edkt kona <\/em>dugir eignarfallsmyndin kvenna <\/em>e.t.v. til a\u00f0 m\u00e1lnotendur tengi kv\u00e6nast <\/em>vi\u00f0 konu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 finna sl\u00e6\u00f0ing af g\u00f6mlum d\u00e6mum um a\u00f0 s\u00f6gnin kv\u00e6nast <\/em>og l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0i\u00f0 kv\u00e6nt <\/em>s\u00e9 nota\u00f0 um konur. \u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi <\/em>1863 segir: \u201e\u00fe\u00e1nga\u00f0 til h\u00fan \u00ed einhverju r\u00e6nuleysi j\u00e1ta\u00f0i, a\u00f0 h\u00fan hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 \u201evirgo immaculata\u2018\u2018, \u00feegar h\u00fan kv\u00e6ntist honum.\u201c \u00cd Skuld <\/em>1879 segir: \u201eDagmar [...] kv\u00e6ntist st\u00f3rfurstanum af R\u00fasslandi.\u201c \u00cd L\u00f6gbergi <\/em>1891 segir: \u201eH\u00fan er n\u00fa kv\u00e6nt, en barni\u00f0 lifir.\u201c \u00a0\u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1900 segir: \u201ekv\u00e6ntist h\u00fan \u00fe\u00e1 sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar f\u00e1t\u00e6kum, l\u00edtt \u00feekktum hersh\u00f6f\u00f0ingja.\u201c \u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1901 segir: \u201ekona \u00feessi haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kv\u00e6nt verkstj\u00f3ra einum \u00fear \u00ed borginni.\u201c \u00cd \u00cdsafold <\/em>1907 segir: \u201eH\u00fan kv\u00e6ntist \u00far f\u00f6\u00f0urgar\u00f0i 1855.\u201c \u00cd Bjarma <\/em>1907 segir: \u201eH\u00fan kv\u00e6ntist eftirlifandi manni s\u00ednum 1894.\u201c \u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1907 segir: \u201eH\u00fan var kv\u00e6nt J\u00f3hanni s\u00f6\u00f0lasmi\u00f0 J\u00f3nssyni.\u201c<\/p>\n

Notkun sagnarinnar kv\u00e6nast <\/em>og l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0sins kv\u00e6nt<\/em>(ur<\/em>) um konur \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed langa s\u00f6gu og alls eru a.m.k. \u00ferj\u00fa hundru\u00f0 d\u00e6mi (og sennilega mun fleiri) um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is <\/em>a\u00f0 \u00feessi or\u00f0 s\u00e9u notu\u00f0 um konur. S\u00fa notkun hefur fari\u00f0 vaxandi og er veruleg \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li \u2013 \u00ed Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>eru d\u00e6min a.m.k. h\u00e1tt \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a hundra\u00f0 og a\u00f0eins l\u00edtill hluti \u00feeirra af samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lum enda eru \u00feessi or\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 formleg og l\u00edti\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f3formlegu m\u00e1lsni\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert a\u00f0 \u00feetta er s\u00e9rstaklega algengt \u00ed minningargreinum \u2013 h\u00f6fundar \u00feeirra eru oft f\u00f3lk sem er ekki vant a\u00f0 skrifa formlegan texta en gr\u00edpur \u00fearna til formlegs or\u00f0s sem ekki er hluti af virkum or\u00f0afor\u00f0a \u00feess og \u00e1ttar sig \u00feess vegna ekki \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 notkun \u00feess um konur er ekki \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsta\u00f0alinn.<\/p>\n

Grundv\u00f6llur \u00feess a\u00f0 nota mismunandi or\u00f0 um a\u00f0 ganga \u00ed hj\u00f3naband og vera \u00ed hj\u00f3nabandi hefur gerbreyst me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum samf\u00e9lagsbreytingum seinni \u00e1ra. Langt er s\u00ed\u00f0an s\u00f6gnin giftast <\/em>h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera bundin vi\u00f0 karlmenn eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, en me\u00f0 tilkomu samkynja hj\u00f3nabanda og vi\u00f0urkenningu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kynin eru ekki bara karl og kona eru forsendur fyrir kyngreiningu or\u00f0a um hj\u00f3naband algerlega fallnar brott og s\u00fa kyngreining samr\u00e6mist t\u00e6past n\u00fat\u00edma jafnr\u00e9ttishugmyndum. Vitanlega getur s\u00f6gnin kv\u00e6nast <\/em>og l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0i\u00f0 kv\u00e6ntur <\/em>sliti\u00f0 tengslin vi\u00f0 or\u00f0sifjafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan uppruna sinn ekkert s\u00ed\u00f0ur en giftast <\/em>og giftur<\/em> \u2013 fyrir sl\u00edku eru \u00f3tal ford\u00e6mi \u00ed m\u00e1linu. Vi\u00f0 eigum ekki a\u00f0 hika vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tala um a\u00f0 kv\u00e6nast karli<\/em> og kv\u00e6nast kv\u00e1ri <\/em>\u2013 og kv\u00e6ntar konur <\/em>og kv\u00e6nt kv\u00e1r<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c var \u00ed g\u00e6r v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed fyrirs\u00f6gn \u00ed DV, \u201eF\u00e9kk \u00e1fall \u00feegar hann komst a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i gift sig \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vita af \u00fev\u00ed\u201c og spurt hvort ekki hef\u00f0i frekar \u00e1tt a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kv\u00e6ntur \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vita af \u00fev\u00ed vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 karlmenn kv\u00e6ntust en konur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7401"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7402,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7401\/revisions\/7402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}