{"id":7452,"date":"2025-07-16T11:08:26","date_gmt":"2025-07-16T11:08:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=7452"},"modified":"2025-07-16T11:08:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T11:08:26","slug":"hvernig-er-bodhatturinn-af-umgangast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2025\/07\/16\/hvernig-er-bodhatturinn-af-umgangast\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvernig er bo\u00f0h\u00e1tturinn af (um)gangast?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u201eM\u00e1lv\u00f6ndunar\u00fe\u00e6ttinum\u201c var n\u00fdlega vakin athygli \u00e1 setningunni<\/a> \u201eUmgangastu orkuf\u00f3lk\u201c \u00e1 vef Dale Carnegie<\/em> og spurt hvort \u00feetta v\u00e6ri \u201eg\u00f3\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0legging\u201c. \u00dearna var auglj\u00f3slega veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttarins umgangastu <\/em>og \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0um var bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 ganga <\/em>v\u00e6ri \u00ed bo\u00f0h\u00e6tti gakk<\/em>, og gakktu <\/em>me\u00f0 vi\u00f0skeyttu annarrar pers\u00f3nu fornafni \u2013 bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur mi\u00f0myndar \u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera gakkstu<\/em>, \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki umgakkstu<\/em>, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 mi\u00f0mynd v\u00e6ri myndu\u00f0 \u00far germynd a\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00e6ttu -st<\/em>. \u00deetta er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt \u2013 \u00ed Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls <\/em>er ekki gefinn bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur af umgangast <\/em>en um ganga <\/em>segir<\/a>: \u201eVi\u00f0tekinn bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur er gakktu <\/strong>en beygingarmyndinni gangtu<\/strong> breg\u00f0ur l\u00edka fyrir.\u201c \u00cd mi\u00f0mynd gefur Beygingarl\u00fdsingin <\/em>hins vegar bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttinn gangstu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Meginreglan um myndun bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttar er a\u00f0 hann er eins og nafnh\u00e1ttur \u00e1n nafnh\u00e1ttarendingarinnar -a<\/em>, venjulega a\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00e6ttu annarrar pers\u00f3nu fornafninu \u00fe\u00fa <\/em>sem birtist \u00fdmist sem -\u00f0u<\/em>, -du <\/em>e\u00f0a -tu <\/em>eftir ger\u00f0 stofnsins \u2013 far-\u00f0u <\/em>(< far \u00fe\u00fa<\/em>), kom-du <\/em>(< kom \u00fe\u00fa<\/em>), ver-tu<\/em> (< ver \u00fe\u00fa<\/em>). S\u00f6gnin ganga <\/em>er \u00fe\u00f3 undantekning fr\u00e1 \u00feessu \u2013 \u00fear, eins og \u00ed binda <\/em>sem hefur bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttinn bittu<\/em>, hafa samlaganir<\/a> leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 f\u00e1um gakk-tu <\/em>og bit-tu <\/em>\u00ed sta\u00f0 gang-tu <\/em>og bin-tu<\/em>, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1hrifsbreytingar valdi \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 f\u00e1um oft gangtu <\/em>og bintu<\/em>. En a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 mi\u00f0mynd s\u00e9 leidd af germynd me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta -st <\/em>vi\u00f0, og bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur germyndar s\u00e9 gakk+tu <\/em>\u2013 sem er hin vi\u00f0urkennda<\/a> mynd \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan s\u00e9 ekki algild eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir \u2013 \u00e6tti bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur mi\u00f0myndar a\u00f0 vera gakk+st+u<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur af mi\u00f0myndinni gangast <\/em>kemur vart til greina af merkingarlegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um nema \u00ed sambandinu gangast vi\u00f0 einhverju<\/em>. \u201eVertu ekki eins og saltst\u00f3lpi, heldur gakkstu vi\u00f0 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00feinni\u201c segir \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1990 og er \u00fea\u00f0 eina d\u00e6mi\u00f0 sem \u00e9g finn um bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttinn. \u00d6rf\u00e1 d\u00e6mi eru hins vegar um bo\u00f0h\u00e1tt af umgangast<\/em>. \u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1955 segir: \u201eumgakkstu \u00feennan sta\u00f0 eins og \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri skr\u00fa\u00f0gar\u00f0urinn heima hj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e9r.\u201c \u00cd Vikunni <\/em>1963 eru \u00ferj\u00fa d\u00e6mi, m.a: \u201eumgakkstu \u00fe\u00e1 vini \u00fe\u00edna sem \u00fe\u00e9r \u00feykja skemmtilegir.\u201c \u00cd Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1985 segir: \u201eumgakkstu \u00fe\u00e1 vini \u00fe\u00edna sem \u00fe\u00e9r \u00feykja skemmtilegir.\u201c \u00cd DV <\/em>1980 segir: \u201eumgangstu meira manneskju sem \u00e1 erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 eignast kunningja.\u201c \u00cd DV <\/em>2005 segir: \u201eUmgangstu f\u00f3lk sem er hamingjusamt.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00dearna eru sem s\u00e9 fimm d\u00e6mi um bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttinn umgakkstu<\/em>, \u00fear af \u00ferj\u00fa auglj\u00f3slega n\u00e1tengd, og tv\u00f6 um bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttinn umgangstu<\/em>. \u00cd Risam\u00e1lheildinni<\/em> eru 140 d\u00e6mi um bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttinn gangtu<\/em>, \u00e1 m\u00f3ti r\u00famlega 720 um gakktu<\/em>, en ekki eitt einasta d\u00e6mi um bo\u00f0h\u00e1tt mi\u00f0myndar \u2013 hvorki af gangast <\/em>n\u00e9 umgangast<\/em>. \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 Risam\u00e1lheildin <\/em>hefur a\u00f0 geyma h\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1 milljar\u00f0a or\u00f0a er enginn vafi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 umr\u00e6ddar myndir eru afspyrnu sjaldg\u00e6far \u2013 svo sjaldg\u00e6far a\u00f0 engar l\u00edkur eru \u00e1 a\u00f0 venjulegir m\u00e1lnotendur kunni \u00fe\u00e6r utan a\u00f0, geymi \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed minni s\u00ednu. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 getum ekki beitt \u00feeim ef \u00e1 \u00fearf a\u00f0 halda \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir hins vegar a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 b\u00faa \u00fe\u00e6r til hverju sinni \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feeim reglum sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum tileinka\u00f0 okkur. En hverjar eru \u00fe\u00e6r?<\/p>\n

Ein regla er vissulega s\u00fa sem \u00e1\u00f0ur var nefnd, a\u00f0 s\u00e9rhver beygingarmynd mi\u00f0myndarinnar s\u00e9 leidd af samsvarandi beygingarmynd germyndar me\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00e6ttu -st<\/em>. En annar m\u00f6guleiki er a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0eins grunnmynd mi\u00f0myndarinnar, nafnh\u00e1tturinn, sem s\u00e9 leidd af germyndinni \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt \u2013 \u00fe.e. gang-a<\/em> > gang-a-st<\/em>. \u00deegar einu sinni er b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a mi\u00f0myndina \u00fat s\u00e9 h\u00fan s\u00ed\u00f0an beyg\u00f0 eftir almennum reglum m\u00e1lsins, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 germyndinni. En ef vi\u00f0 myndum bo\u00f0h\u00e1tt mi\u00f0myndarinnar (um<\/em>)gangast <\/em>beint af nafnh\u00e6ttinum eins og almenna reglan er, \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 mynda hann af bo\u00f0h\u00e6tti germyndarinnar, f\u00e1um vi\u00f0 ekki (um<\/em>)gakk-st-u<\/em>, heldur (um<\/em>)gang-a-st-u <\/em>\u2013 sem er einmitt myndin sem vitna\u00f0 var til \u00ed upphafi.<\/p>\n

Sumar beygingarmyndir sumra or\u00f0a eru svo sjaldg\u00e6far a\u00f0 litlar l\u00edkur eru \u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00e1lnotendur hafi nokkurn t\u00edma rekist \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r, og engar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir kunni \u00fe\u00e6r utan a\u00f0. Sem betur fer gerir m\u00e1lh\u00e6fnin okkur kleift a\u00f0 b\u00faa til myndir sem vi\u00f0 kunnum ekki \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feeim reglum sem vi\u00f0 kunnum \u2013 og stundum getur veri\u00f0 val um \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a reglu vi\u00f0 beitum, og \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 ein lei\u00f0 s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt en \u00f6nnur r\u00f6ng. N\u00fa \u00e6tla \u00e9g alls ekki a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 m\u00e6la me\u00f0 myndinni (um<\/em>)gangastu<\/em> \u2013 \u00e9g er bara a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 a\u00f0 h\u00fan er myndu\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 almenna reglu \u00ed m\u00e1linu. Vi\u00f0 getum au\u00f0vita\u00f0 haft \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 \u00fearna hef\u00f0i fremur \u00e1tt a\u00f0 beita annarri reglu, en \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 ergja okkur yfir \u00fev\u00ed \u00e6ttum vi\u00f0 fremur a\u00f0 gle\u00f0jast yfir sk\u00f6punarm\u00e6tti m\u00e1lsins.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u201eM\u00e1lv\u00f6ndunar\u00fe\u00e6ttinum\u201c var n\u00fdlega vakin athygli \u00e1 setningunni \u201eUmgangastu orkuf\u00f3lk\u201c \u00e1 vef Dale Carnegie og spurt hvort \u00feetta v\u00e6ri \u201eg\u00f3\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0legging\u201c. \u00dearna var auglj\u00f3slega veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttarins umgangastu og \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0um var bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 ganga v\u00e6ri \u00ed bo\u00f0h\u00e6tti gakk, og gakktu me\u00f0 vi\u00f0skeyttu annarrar pers\u00f3nu fornafni \u2013 bo\u00f0h\u00e1ttur mi\u00f0myndar \u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7452","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7452"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7452\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7453,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7452\/revisions\/7453"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}