{"id":7543,"date":"2025-08-14T19:16:51","date_gmt":"2025-08-14T19:16:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=7543"},"modified":"2025-08-14T19:35:18","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T19:35:18","slug":"thad-er-ekki-til-neitt-sem-heitir-eintoluord","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2025\/08\/14\/thad-er-ekki-til-neitt-sem-heitir-eintoluord\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dea\u00f0 er ekki til neitt sem heitir \u201eeint\u00f6luor\u00f0\u201c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ein l\u00edfseigasta m\u00fdtan \u00ed \u00edslenskri m\u00e1lfarsumr\u00e6\u00f0u er s\u00fa a\u00f0 til s\u00e9 h\u00f3pur or\u00f0a sem kalla\u00f0ur er \u201eeint\u00f6luor\u00f0\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 or\u00f0 er reyndar ekki a\u00f0 finna \u00ed helstu or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum, hvoki \u00ed \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>n\u00e9 \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>, og ekki heldur \u00ed \u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>Sigf\u00fasar Bl\u00f6ndals fr\u00e1 1920-1924. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur \u00fe\u00f3 lengi veri\u00f0 \u00feekkt \u00ed merkingunni 'or\u00f0 sem er a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0 e\u00f0a til \u00ed eint\u00f6lu' \u2013 elsta d\u00e6mi um \u00fe\u00e1 merkingu er \u00ed \u00cdsafold <\/em>1908: \u201eHlj\u00f3mleikar er fleirt\u00f6lnor\u00f0 (\u00e1n eint.); en hlj\u00f3mleikur<\/em>, eint\u00f6luor\u00f0 (\u00e1n flt.), merkir alt anna\u00f0 (= musik<\/em>).\u201c Flest or\u00f0 sem flokku\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 sem eint\u00f6luor\u00f0 eru safnheiti<\/em> sem er<\/a> 'or\u00f0 sem haft er um magn af e-u sem ekki er alltaf h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 telja, t.d. sandur, sykur og f\u00f3lk' (\u00e1\u00f0ur voru \u00feetta stundum k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201eheildst\u00e6\u00f0 or\u00f0\u201c).<\/p>\n

\u00dev\u00ed hefur veri\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 fram<\/a> a\u00f0 sum or\u00f0 s\u00e9u \u201e\u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu eint\u00f6luor\u00f0<\/strong>\u201c \u2013 en hva\u00f0 g\u00e6ti \u00fea\u00f0 merkt? Yfirleitt er enginn vandi a\u00f0 b\u00faa til fleirt\u00f6lu \u00feessara or\u00f0a samkv\u00e6mt almennum reglum beygingakerfisins, enda er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota m\u00f6rg \u00feeirra \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi en sem safnheiti og \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feykir fleirtala \u00feeirra g\u00f3\u00f0 og gild. Sem safnheiti merkir<\/a> or\u00f0i\u00f0 sandur <\/em>t.d. 'f\u00ednmulin bergmylsna me\u00f0 mismunandi kornast\u00e6r\u00f0', en \u00fea\u00f0 getur einnig merkt 'landsv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem f\u00ednmulin bergmylsna er r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00ed landslagi' og \u00fe\u00e1 getur \u00fea\u00f0 fengi\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lu \u2013 \u201e\u00dear eru sandar og sljettir melar\u201c segir \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi <\/em>1852. Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi er gull<\/em> sem er safnheiti<\/a> \u00ed grundvallarmerkingu sinni, en hefur lengi einnig haft merkinguna<\/a> 'leikf\u00f6ng' (sem sennilega er a\u00f0 mestu horfin) og f\u00e6r \u00fe\u00e1 fleirt\u00f6lu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00d3tal \u00f6nnur d\u00e6mi s\u00fdna a\u00f0 or\u00f0 sem hafa veri\u00f0 flokku\u00f0 sem eint\u00f6luor\u00f0 geta au\u00f0veldlega fengi\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lu \u2013 ef not eru fyrir hana. Merking safnheita er einfaldlega \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 fleirtala af \u00feeim er \u00f3\u00fe\u00f6rf og \u00fev\u00ed \u201eekki til\u201c \u00ed einhverjum skilningi \u2013 en ef merkingin hli\u00f0rast til og or\u00f0in fara a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til einhvers teljanlegs, anna\u00f0hvort \u00ed sta\u00f0 safnheitismerkingarinnar e\u00f0a til hli\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 hana, ver\u00f0ur yfirleitt til fleirtala \u00feeirra. Gott d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta er or\u00f0i\u00f0 keppni<\/em>. Lengi var amast vi\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lu<\/strong> \u00feess, keppnir<\/em>, en \u00ed M\u00e1lfarsbankanum <\/em>segir<\/a>: \u201eFleirtalan keppnir<\/strong> \u00e1 a\u00f0eins vi\u00f0 \u00feegar tala\u00f0 er um kappleiki e\u00f0a m\u00f3t en ekki \u00feegar or\u00f0i\u00f0 merkir: kapp.\u201c Me\u00f0an or\u00f0i\u00f0 merkti a\u00f0eins<\/a> 'kapp' var fleirtalan \u00f3\u00fe\u00f6rf en um lei\u00f0 og \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00f3r a\u00f0 merkja 'kappleik', 'm\u00f3t' kom \u00fe\u00f6rfin upp.<\/p>\n

Uppkoma fleirt\u00f6lumynda af sl\u00edkum or\u00f0um er \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed raun ekki breyting \u00e1 beygingu heldur sk\u00fdr v\u00edsbending um a\u00f0 merking or\u00f0anna s\u00e9 a\u00f0 breytast \u2013 og \u00fea\u00f0 er s\u00fa breyting sem kallar \u00e1 fleirt\u00f6luna. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 getur f\u00f3lk amast vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 merking or\u00f0a breytist e\u00f0a hli\u00f0rist til, en um sl\u00edkar breytingar eru \u00f3tal d\u00e6mi sem sum eru vi\u00f0urkennd en \u00f6nnur ekki. \u00c9g hef skrifa\u00f0 \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c um fj\u00f6lda or\u00f0a \u00fear sem deilt er um hvort fleirtala eigi r\u00e9tt \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u2013 svo sem or\u00f0in f\u00edkn<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>flug<\/span><\/a><\/em>, f\u00f3lk<\/a><\/em>, <\/span>fr\u00e6\u00f0sla<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>f\u00e6lni<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>hr\u00e6\u00f0sla<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>keppni<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>l\u00e1tbrag\u00f0<\/span><\/a><\/em>, li\u00f0<\/a><\/em>, <\/span>mar<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>m\u00e1lning<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>m\u00e1lsta\u00f0ur<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>or\u00f0r\u00f3mur<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>\u00f3tti<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>smit<\/span><\/a><\/em>, <\/span>ver\u00f0<\/span><\/a><\/em>, \u00fej\u00f3nusta<\/a><\/em><\/span>. \u00dea\u00f0 er oft \u00f3lj\u00f3st hvers vegna amast er vi\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lu \u00feessara or\u00f0a \u2013 stundum vir\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0 byggt \u00e1 skilningsleysi e\u00f0a misskilningi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 er \u00e1 fer\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u201eM\u00f3\u00f0urm\u00e1ls\u00fe\u00e6tti\u201c V\u00edsis <\/em>1956 var t.d. sagt<\/a> rangt a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 segulst\u00e1l <\/em>\u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u201eefni og \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu eint\u00f6luor\u00f0 eins og \u00f6nnur efnisheiti\u201c, en b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0: \u201e\u00d6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li gegnir \u00feegar or\u00f0i\u00f0 st\u00e1l ver\u00f0ur hlutst\u00e6tt<\/strong>, fer a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna hluti svo sem vopn<\/strong>, heystabba<\/strong>, \u00fe\u00e1 er \u00fea\u00f0 til \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um t\u00f6lum.\u201c Reyndar merkir segulst\u00e1l <\/em>ekki fyrst og fremst efni, heldur<\/a> 'j\u00e1rnstykki sem er mj\u00f6g segulmagna\u00f0' og f\u00e6r \u00fe\u00e1 e\u00f0lilega fleirt\u00f6lu. En \u00f3skiljanlegt er hvers vegna or\u00f0 eins og st\u00e1l <\/em>og gull <\/em>mega ver\u00f0a hlutst\u00e6\u00f0 og f\u00e1 fleirt\u00f6lu en ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 ver\u00f0 <\/em>\u00fear sem enn er veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 amast vi\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lunni \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan komi fyrir \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li \u00ed merkingunni 'upph\u00e6\u00f0'\u2013 \u00c1rni B\u00f6\u00f0varsson segir t.d. \u00ed \u00cdslensku m\u00e1lfari<\/em>: \u201eE\u00f0li \u00feess er eintala, \u00fe\u00f3tt formi\u00f0 banni ekki fleirt\u00f6lumynd.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00deetta er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 mj\u00f6g s\u00e9rkennilegt or\u00f0alag, og ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur or\u00f0alag<\/a> M\u00e1lfarsbankans<\/em> \u00fear sem m\u00e6lt er gegn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tala um g\u00f3\u00f0 ver\u00f0 <\/em>og l\u00e1g ver\u00f0 <\/em>en b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0: \u201e\u00fe\u00f3 vir\u00f0ist ekki alltaf h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 komast hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota ver\u00f0 <\/strong>\u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu. Til a\u00f0 mynda \u00ed setningunni: \u00f6ll ver\u00f0 eru \u00e1n vir\u00f0isaukaskatts<\/em>.\u201c \u00dea\u00f0 er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem m\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00fdst um \u2013 \u00fear v\u00edsar or\u00f0i\u00f0 til tiltekinnar upph\u00e6\u00f0ar og \u00fev\u00ed er fleirtalan e\u00f0lileg. En af hverju er tala\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 eins og afsakandi a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00a0\u201eekki alltaf h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 komast hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota ver\u00f0 <\/strong>\u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu\u201c? \u00dea\u00f0 er eins og skorti kjark til a\u00f0 segja hreint \u00fat a\u00f0 fleirtalan s\u00e9 e\u00f0lileg \u00feegar merking or\u00f0sins kalli \u00e1 hana. F\u00f3lk vir\u00f0ist hafa biti\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed sig a\u00f0 tiltekin or\u00f0 megi ekki vera \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 andst\u00e6tt \u201ee\u00f0li\u201c \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

Tilfelli\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00f6ll nafnor\u00f0 geta sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu ef merking og notkun \u00feeirra krefst \u00feess og \u00fev\u00ed engin r\u00f6k fyrir \u00feeirri sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingu a\u00f0 \u201ee\u00f0li\u201c sumra or\u00f0a s\u00e9 eintala \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki til neinn h\u00f3pur or\u00f0a sem e\u00f0lilegt er a\u00f0 kalla \u201eeint\u00f6luor\u00f0\u201c. Hins vegar m\u00e6tti tala um \u201eeint\u00f6lumerkingu\u201c vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er merkingin sem veldur \u00fev\u00ed oft a\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lu er ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf eins og H\u00f6skuldur \u00der\u00e1insson benti \u00e1 \u00ed greininni<\/a> \u201eEkki til \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu\u201c \u00ed \u00cdslensku m\u00e1li <\/em>1983. En af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um vir\u00f0ast f\u00e1ar n\u00fdjungar \u00ed m\u00e1li fara meira \u00ed taugarnar \u00e1 f\u00f3lki en \u00feegar fari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 nota fleirt\u00f6lu or\u00f0a sem \u00e1\u00f0ur hafa oftast e\u00f0a eing\u00f6ngu veri\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0 \u00ed eint\u00f6lu. Vitanlega getur f\u00f3lk amast vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 merking or\u00f0a hnikist til fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem veri\u00f0 hefur en \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1 a\u00f0 beina spj\u00f3tum a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, ekki a\u00f0 beygingunni.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ein l\u00edfseigasta m\u00fdtan \u00ed \u00edslenskri m\u00e1lfarsumr\u00e6\u00f0u er s\u00fa a\u00f0 til s\u00e9 h\u00f3pur or\u00f0a sem kalla\u00f0ur er \u201eeint\u00f6luor\u00f0\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 or\u00f0 er reyndar ekki a\u00f0 finna \u00ed helstu or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum, hvoki \u00ed \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k n\u00e9 \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k, og ekki heldur \u00ed \u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k Sigf\u00fasar Bl\u00f6ndals fr\u00e1 1920-1924. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur \u00fe\u00f3 lengi veri\u00f0 \u00feekkt \u00ed merkingunni 'or\u00f0 sem er […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7543"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7543\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7545,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7543\/revisions\/7545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}