{"id":7549,"date":"2025-08-17T09:11:31","date_gmt":"2025-08-17T09:11:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=7549"},"modified":"2025-08-17T09:11:31","modified_gmt":"2025-08-17T09:11:31","slug":"uppkoma-og-utbreidsla-malbreytinga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2025\/08\/17\/uppkoma-og-utbreidsla-malbreytinga\/","title":{"rendered":"Uppkoma og \u00fatbrei\u00f0sla m\u00e1lbreytinga"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd g\u00e6r var spurt \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c um \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u \u00feess a\u00f0 myndin <em>\u00fe\u00e6gi<strong>n<\/strong>legt<\/em>, me\u00f0 <em>n<\/em>, \u00ed sta\u00f0 <em>\u00fe\u00e6gilegt <\/em>virtist vera a\u00f0 \u201efesta sig \u00ed sessi \u00ed ritm\u00e1li hj\u00e1 yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0inni\u201c. \u00c9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2022\/11\/15\/thaeginlegt\/\">skrifa\u00f0<\/a> um \u00feessa breytingu og haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1hrif fr\u00e1 nafnor\u00f0inu <em>\u00fe\u00e6gindi <\/em>og \u00e6tla ekki a\u00f0 endurtaka \u00feau skrif \u00fea\u00f0 h\u00e9r. En \u00ed spurningunni og umr\u00e6\u00f0u um hana komu fram tv\u00f6 atri\u00f0i var\u00f0andi uppkomu og \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu m\u00e1lbreytinga sem \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til a\u00f0 staldra vi\u00f0. Annars vegar er \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0alag spurningarinnar \u00fear sem s\u00e9rstaklega er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ritm\u00e1ls og yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. N\u00fdjungar \u00ed m\u00e1li eru yfirleitt meira \u00e1berandi hj\u00e1 yngra f\u00f3lki en eldra svo a\u00f0 v\u00edsun til yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0arinnar \u00fearf ekki a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 \u00f3vart, en a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 er s\u00e9rstaklega til ritm\u00e1ls.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er e\u00f0lilegt \u2013 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum engar heimildir um talm\u00e1l yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0arinnar (og svo sem ekki \u00feeirrar eldri heldur) sem h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 byggja fullyr\u00f0ingar af \u00feessu tagi \u00e1. \u00dear fyrir utan er frambur\u00f0armunur \u00e1 <em>\u00fe\u00e6gilegt <\/em>og <em>\u00fe\u00e6gi<strong>n<\/strong>legt <\/em>s\u00e1ral\u00edtill og \u00f6rugglega oft sagt <em>\u00fe\u00e6gi<strong>n<\/strong>legt <\/em>\u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 t\u00f6kum eftir \u00fev\u00ed \u2013 \u00feessi litli munur er reyndar forsenda fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 myndir me\u00f0 <em>n <\/em>komi upp. Tilfinning f\u00f3lks fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 breytast \u00ed \u00feessu byggist \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 ritm\u00e1linu, og hvar sj\u00e1um vi\u00f0 helst ritm\u00e1l yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0arinnar? \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lum, og \u00fear eru myndir me\u00f0 <em>n<\/em> vissulega mj\u00f6g algengar \u2013 af t\u00e6plega 6.600 d\u00e6mum um l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>\u00fe\u00e6gi<strong>n<\/strong>legur <\/em>og atviksor\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>\u00fe\u00e6gi<strong>n<\/strong>lega <\/em>\u00ed <em>Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>eru allar nema um 300 af samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lum.<\/p>\n<p>Til samanbur\u00f0ar m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um <em>n<\/em>-lausu myndirnar <em>\u00fe\u00e6gilegur <\/em>og <em>\u00fe\u00e6gilega <\/em>\u00e1 samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lum eru 59 \u00fe\u00fasund \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00a0n\u00fdju myndirnar s\u00e9u vissulega algengar \u00fear eru \u00fe\u00e6r ekki nema um t\u00edundi hluti af heildinni. En \u00fea\u00f0 sem skiptir m\u00e1li \u00ed \u00feessu er a\u00f0 athuga a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lar eru tilt\u00f6lulega n\u00fdtt form ritm\u00e1ls, ekki nema 20-25 \u00e1ra gamlir, og fyrir daga \u00feeirra s\u00e1um vi\u00f0 sjaldan rita\u00f0an texta fr\u00e1 almenningi \u2013 s\u00e9rstaklega ekki fr\u00e1 ungu f\u00f3lki. \u00de\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 t\u00f6kum miklu meira eftir einhverju m\u00e1lfarstilbrig\u00f0i n\u00fa en \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00fearf \u00fea\u00f0 ekki endilega a\u00f0 s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 brei\u00f0ast \u00fat. \u00dea\u00f0 getur hafa veri\u00f0 algengt lengi \u2013 vi\u00f0 vissum bara ekki af \u00fev\u00ed vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00e1um sjaldan e\u00f0a aldrei texta af \u00fev\u00ed tagi \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er l\u00edklegt til a\u00f0 koma fram.<\/p>\n<p>Anna\u00f0 atri\u00f0i sem vert er a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a kom fram \u00ed sk\u00fdringum \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 breytingunni. \u00dear var sagt a\u00f0 \u00feetta v\u00e6ri \u201eL\u00edklega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau eru ekki lei\u00f0r\u00e9tt\u201c og \u201e\u00deetta er \u00f6nnur kynsl\u00f3\u00f0, annar kennslum\u00e1ti og enginn sem lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttir\u201c. \u00d3r\u00f6kstuddar fullyr\u00f0ingar af \u00feessu tagi eru algengar \u00ed m\u00e1lfarsumr\u00e6\u00f0u en engar ranns\u00f3knir liggja fyrir sem sty\u00f0ja a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn s\u00e9u ekki lengur lei\u00f0r\u00e9tt. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00f3umbe\u00f0nar lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingar \u00e1 m\u00e1lfari fullor\u00f0ins f\u00f3lks eigi ekki a\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0kast veit \u00e9g ekki til a\u00f0 amast hafi veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 foreldrar lei\u00f0beini b\u00f6rnum s\u00ednum \u00e1 m\u00e1lt\u00f6kuskei\u00f0i um m\u00e1lfar, r\u00e9tt eins og um anna\u00f0 \u00ed uppeldinu \u2013 a.m.k. hef \u00e9g ekki gert \u00fea\u00f0. En hitt er anna\u00f0 m\u00e1l a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir benda til \u00feess a\u00f0 beinar lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingar \u00e1 m\u00e1li hafi s\u00e1ral\u00edtil \u00e1hrif.<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00e6r ranns\u00f3knir eru vissulega erlendar en \u00fe\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum engar \u00edslenskar ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 \u00feessu er ekkert sem bendir til og engar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 anna\u00f0 gildi h\u00e9r. Enda \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 svo sem engar ranns\u00f3knir til a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 gagnsleysi lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttinga \u2013 vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum ekki anna\u00f0 en sko\u00f0a \u00fer\u00f3un m\u00e1lbreytinga eins og svonefndrar \u201e\u00fe\u00e1gufallss\u00fdki\u201c e\u00f0a \u201e\u00fe\u00e1gufallshneig\u00f0ar\u201c s\u00ed\u00f0ustu 80-100 \u00e1rin. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki eins og f\u00f3lk sem segir <em>m\u00e9r langar<\/em> og <em>m\u00e9r vantar<\/em> hafi ekki veri\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tt \u2013 \u00e1 heimilum, \u00ed sk\u00f3lum, \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum og annars sta\u00f0ar. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 barist gegn \u00feessari breytingu me\u00f0 h\u00f6rku allan \u00feennan t\u00edma \u2013 me\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00e1rangri einum a\u00f0 h\u00fan heldur \u00e1fram a\u00f0 brei\u00f0ast \u00fat eins og fj\u00f6ldi ranns\u00f3kna s\u00fdnir. Sama m\u00e6tti segja um \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar \u00feekktar \u201em\u00e1lvillur\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er sem s\u00e9 tvennt a\u00f0 athuga \u00ed \u00feessu. Annars vegar getur oft veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ofmetum hra\u00f0a og \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu m\u00e1lbreytinga einfaldlega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum annars konar heimildir og g\u00f6gn en \u00e1\u00f0ur \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 getur oft veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 breytingar hafi veri\u00f0 lengi \u00ed gangi \u00ed talm\u00e1li \u00fe\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum ekki teki\u00f0 eftir \u00feeim, en \u00feegar fari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 skrifa talm\u00e1li\u00f0 eins og \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugum \u00e6pa \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 okkur. Hins vegar er engin s\u00f6nnun fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 hafi \u00far lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingum, en \u00fe\u00f3tt svo hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e1lbreytinga. Lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingar \u00e1 m\u00e1li barna skila litlu \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 sem skiptir m\u00e1li er a\u00f0 halda m\u00e1linu a\u00f0 \u00feeim, lesa fyrir \u00feau og hvetja \u00feau til lestrar og vera \u00feeim g\u00f3\u00f0ar fyrirmyndir. B\u00f6rn sem aldrei sj\u00e1 foreldra s\u00edna lesa b\u00f3k eru ekki l\u00edkleg til a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1huga \u00e1 a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd g\u00e6r var spurt \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c um \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u \u00feess a\u00f0 myndin \u00fe\u00e6ginlegt, me\u00f0 n, \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6gilegt virtist vera a\u00f0 \u201efesta sig \u00ed sessi \u00ed ritm\u00e1li hj\u00e1 yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0inni\u201c. \u00c9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur skrifa\u00f0 um \u00feessa breytingu og haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1hrif fr\u00e1 nafnor\u00f0inu \u00fe\u00e6gindi og \u00e6tla ekki a\u00f0 endurtaka \u00feau [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7549","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7549"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7549\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7550,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7549\/revisions\/7550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}