{"id":7714,"date":"2025-10-27T22:00:27","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=7714"},"modified":"2025-10-28T14:35:00","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T14:35:00","slug":"uppahaldsord-eda-eftirlaetisord","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2025\/10\/27\/uppahaldsord-eda-eftirlaetisord\/","title":{"rendered":"Upp\u00e1haldsor\u00f0 e\u00f0a eftirl\u00e6tisor\u00f0?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Or\u00f0in\u00a0upp\u00e1hald\u00a0<\/em>og\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti\u00a0<\/em>\u00ed merkingunni \u2018s\u00e1 e\u00f0a s\u00fa sem einhver hefur \u00ed h\u00e1vegum umfram a\u00f0ra\u2019 eins og \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda er\u00a0sk\u00fdrt<\/a>\u00a0\u00ed\u00a0\u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k\u00a0<\/em>voru n\u00fdlega til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c. M\u00e1lshefjandi sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrrnefnda v\u00e6ri \u201esvo l\u00f6ngu komi\u00f0 inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 telst hrein \u00edslenska \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 danskt a\u00f0 uppruna\u201c og yfirt\u00e6ki s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201esem er \u00fe\u00f3 miklu skemmtilegra or\u00f0\u201c. H\u00fan sag\u00f0i einnig a\u00f0 einn \u00edslenskukennari sinn hef\u00f0i hvatt nemendur til a\u00f0 nota\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti\u00a0<\/em>fremur en\u00a0upp\u00e1hald<\/em>\u00a0enda hef\u00f0i J\u00f3nas Hallgr\u00edmsson aldrei nota\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda. Engin athugasemd er \u00fe\u00f3 ger\u00f0 vi\u00f0\u00a0upp\u00e1hald\u00a0<\/em>\u00ed\u00a0M\u00e1lfarsbankanum\u00a0<\/em>\u00fear sem\u00a0segir<\/a>\u00a0einungis: \u201eOr\u00f0i\u00f0\u00a0upp\u00e1hald<\/strong>\u00a0m\u00e1 finna \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum samsetningum:\u00a0upp\u00e1haldsbrag\u00f0tegundin<\/strong>,\u00a0upp\u00e1haldsfag<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti\u00a0<\/em>kemur oft fyrir \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li og merkir \u00fe\u00e1 yfirleitt \u2018eftirl\u00e1tssemi, grei\u00f0i, hl\u00fd\u00f0ni\u2019 e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 sl\u00edkt. \u201eVeit eg eigi hvort m\u00e9r er \u00feunglegra, angurlyndi f\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00edns e\u00f0a eftirl\u00e6ti vi\u00f0 hann\u201c segir \u00ed\u00a0G\u00edsla s\u00f6gu S\u00farssonar<\/em>. \u201eMelkorka spyr hv\u00ed hann vildi eigi veita henni eftirl\u00e6ti \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 flytja hana til \u00cdslands\u201c segir \u00ed\u00a0Laxd\u00e6la s\u00f6gu<\/em>. Hins vegar er ekki a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 nota\u00f0 um f\u00f3lk \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li (t.d.\u00a0h\u00fan er eftirl\u00e6ti mitt<\/em>) e\u00f0a \u00ed samsetningum (t.d.\u00a0eftirl\u00e6tissonur<\/em>). \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c sag\u00f0i Haukur \u00deorgeirsson a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 virtist \u201eb\u00fdsna ungt\u201c a\u00f0 nota\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti\u00a0<\/em>\u00ed s\u00f6mu merkingu og\u00a0upp\u00e1hald<\/em>. \u00d3lj\u00f3st er hven\u00e6r s\u00fa merking kemur til \u2013 samsetningar me\u00f0\u00a0eftirl\u00e6tis-\u00a0<\/em>eru til a.m.k. fr\u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld, en ekki er alltaf au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mri merkingu \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00a0T\u00edmariti Hins \u00edslenzka b\u00f3kmentaf\u00e9lags\u00a0<\/em>1884 segir t.d. um Ragnhei\u00f0i Brynj\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttur biskups: \u201eh\u00fan var \u00e1g\u00e6tlega g\u00e1fu\u00f0 til munns og handa, og eftirl\u00e6tisbarn f\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00edns.\u201c Brynj\u00f3lfur \u00e1tti tv\u00f6 b\u00f6rn, en \u00feetta \u00fearf ekki endilega a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a a\u00f0 hann hafi haft meira\u00a0upp\u00e1hald<\/em>\u00a0\u00e1 Ragnhei\u00f0i en Halld\u00f3ri syni s\u00ednum, heldur a\u00f0 hann hafi haft miki\u00f0\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti<\/em>\u00a0\u00e1 henni. En \u00ed\u00a0L\u00f6gbergi\u00a0<\/em>1901 vir\u00f0ist merkingin fremur vera \u2018upp\u00e1haldsbarn\u2019: \u201eH\u00fan var talin g\u00e1fu\u00f0ust allra \u00feeirra systkina, og var eftirl\u00e6tisbarn f\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00edns \u00e1 me\u00f0an hann lif\u00f0i.\u201c Sennilega hafa b\u00e1\u00f0ar merkingarnar lengi lifa\u00f0 hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 og gera jafnvel enn eins og s\u00e9st \u00ed\u00a0Morgunbla\u00f0inu\u00a0<\/em>2003: \u201e\u00c9g var au\u00f0vita\u00f0 eftirl\u00e6tisbarn, aldrei \u00feurfti \u00e9g a\u00f0 vinna neitt innanh\u00fass\u201c. H\u00e9r er merkingin sennilega ekki \u2018upp\u00e1haldsbarn\u2019.<\/p>\n

Eitt af \u00fev\u00ed sem g\u00e6ti bent til \u00feess a\u00f0 or\u00f0in\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti\u00a0<\/em>og\u00a0upp\u00e1hald\u00a0<\/em>hafi ekki alltaf alveg s\u00f6mu merkingu er a\u00f0 \u00feau standa i\u00f0ulega hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0. \u00cd\u00a0Kennaranum\u00a0<\/em>1899 segir: \u201eHann var upp\u00e1hald og eftirl\u00e6ti f\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00edns.\u201c \u00cd\u00a0L\u00f6gbergi\u00a0<\/em>1923 segir: \u201eH\u00fan var eftirl\u00e6ti foreldra sinna og upp\u00e1hald leiksystkina sinna.\u201c \u00cd\u00a0\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum\u00a0<\/em>1982 segir: \u201eSigurj\u00f3n \u00d3lafsson var\u00f0 ungur upp\u00e1hald og eftirl\u00e6ti fagurkera og f\u00e6rustu s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed myndmennt.\u201c \u00cd\u00a0Morgunbla\u00f0inu\u00a0<\/em>1982 segir: \u201eTariq-ol-Islam var\u00f0 strax eftirl\u00e6ti og upp\u00e1hald hinna \u201etr\u00fau\u00f0u\u201c.\u201c Vissulega \u00fearf \u00feetta ekki a\u00f0 s\u00fdna a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk leggi mismunandi merkingu \u00ed or\u00f0in heldur getur einfaldlega veri\u00f0 um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a tv\u00edtekningu s\u00f6mu merkingar til \u00e1herslu \u2013 sl\u00edkt er algengt, eins og t.d.\u00a0glens og gaman<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0\u00a0upp\u00e1hald\u00a0<\/em>er mun yngra en\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 elstu d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 eru fr\u00e1 lokum \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar, \u00far\u00a0Kv\u00f6ldv\u00f6kum\u00a0<\/em>Hannesar Finnssonar: \u201evi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 anna\u00f0 v\u00f3rud \u00fejer ordinn mesta upp\u00e1hald Kal\u00edfans\u201c, \u201eeins eru kon\u00fangarnir og \u00feeirra upp\u00e1hald\u201c og \u201eeg vard upp\u00e1haldid hans\u201c. \u00dearna er ekki anna\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 en or\u00f0i\u00f0 hafi s\u00f6mu\u00a0merkingu<\/a>\u00a0og \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li, \u2018sem er haf\u00f0ur \u00ed h\u00e1vegum umfram a\u00f0ra\u2019. \u00c1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld fara svo a\u00f0 koma fram \u00fdmsar samsetningar me\u00f0\u00a0upp\u00e1halds-\u00a0<\/em>a\u00f0 fyrri li\u00f0 \u2013 \u201eEnn 25. dag n\u00f3vembers kom\u00a0Akbar<\/em>, upp\u00e1haldssonur\u00a0Dost Mahomed\u2018s\u00a0<\/em>[\u2026] \u00ed leikinn\u201c segir \u00ed\u00a0Sk\u00edrni\u00a0<\/em>1843; \u201e\u00d6nnur villa er a\u00f0 hafa upp\u00e1haldsb\u00f6rn\u201c segir \u00ed\u00a0Nor\u00f0ra\u00a0<\/em>1856; \u201eeg er upp\u00e1halds-innist\u00falkan hennar Undinu, sem er upp\u00e1haldsd\u00f3ttir s\u00e6k\u00f3ngsins\u201c segir \u00ed\u00a0Barnabla\u00f0inu\u00a0<\/em>1899.<\/p>\n

\u00cd innlegginu \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c sem vitna\u00f0 var til \u00ed upphafi var nefnt a\u00f0\u00a0upp\u00e1hald\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e6ri \u201edanskt a\u00f0 uppruna\u201c. \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0um kom fram a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00e1ttu\u00f0u sig ekki \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed af hva\u00f0a danska or\u00f0i e\u00f0a or\u00f0asambandi \u00feetta v\u00e6ri komi\u00f0, og \u00e9g finn ekkert sem bendir til dansks uppruna or\u00f0sins. En or\u00f0 sem myndu\u00f0 eru \u00e1 svipa\u00f0an h\u00e1tt, me\u00f0 tveimur forskeytum, \u00feykja stundum kau\u00f0sleg (svo sem\u00a0\u00f3\u00e1s\u00e6ttanlegur<\/a><\/em>,\u00a0\u00f3\u00edn\u00e1anlegur<\/a><\/em>\u00a0o.fl.) og hugsanlegt er a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk hafi einfaldlega gefi\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 or\u00f0 sem ekki v\u00e6ri fallegt hlyti a\u00f0 eiga s\u00e9r danskan uppruna. En \u00fe\u00f3tt svo s\u00e9 ekki m\u00e1 vitanlega halda \u00fev\u00ed fram \u2013 eins og oft er gert \u2013 a\u00f0 samsetningar me\u00f0\u00a0eftirl\u00e6tis-\u00a0<\/em>s\u00e9u mun fegurri en me\u00f0\u00a0upp\u00e1halds-<\/em>. \u00c9g geri ekki athugasemd vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, en hvort tveggja er vitaskuld g\u00f3\u00f0 og gild \u00edslenska.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Or\u00f0in\u00a0upp\u00e1hald\u00a0og\u00a0eftirl\u00e6ti\u00a0\u00ed merkingunni \u2018s\u00e1 e\u00f0a s\u00fa sem einhver hefur \u00ed h\u00e1vegum umfram a\u00f0ra\u2019 eins og \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda er\u00a0sk\u00fdrt\u00a0\u00ed\u00a0\u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k\u00a0voru n\u00fdlega til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c. M\u00e1lshefjandi sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrrnefnda v\u00e6ri \u201esvo l\u00f6ngu komi\u00f0 inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 telst hrein \u00edslenska \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 danskt a\u00f0 uppruna\u201c og yfirt\u00e6ki s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201esem er \u00fe\u00f3 miklu skemmtilegra […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7714","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7714"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7714\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7715,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7714\/revisions\/7715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7714"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7714"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7714"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}