{"id":8062,"date":"2026-03-20T15:12:08","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T15:12:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=8062"},"modified":"2026-03-20T15:12:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-20T15:12:08","slug":"opnir-og-lokadir-ordflokkar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2026\/03\/20\/opnir-og-lokadir-ordflokkar\/","title":{"rendered":"Opnir og loka\u00f0ir or\u00f0flokkar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd morgun skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g pistil<\/a> \u00fear sem \u00e9g h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 tengdum <\/em>sem er upphaflega \u00fe\u00e1gufallsmynd (\u00ed karlkyni og hvorugkyni eint\u00f6lu, og fleirt\u00f6lu allra kynja) af l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0inu tengdur <\/em>v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast yfir \u00ed forsetningu. \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c var minnt \u00e1 a\u00f0 forsetningar v\u00e6ru \u00ed h\u00f3pi loka\u00f0ra or\u00f0flokka, \u00e1samt greini, nafnh\u00e1ttarmerki, t\u00f6luor\u00f0um, forn\u00f6fnum og samtengingum. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum v\u00e6ntanlega flest l\u00e6rt \u00ed sk\u00f3la a\u00f0 or\u00f0flokkarnir s\u00e9u \u00fdmist opnir e\u00f0a loka\u00f0ir \u2013 \u00feeir opnu eru \u00fe\u00e1 nafnor\u00f0, sagnir, l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 og a\u00f0 hluta atviksor\u00f0. \u00cd \u00fe\u00e1 flokka er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta n\u00fdjum or\u00f0um, en skilgreining \u00e1 loku\u00f0um or\u00f0flokkum er a\u00f0 \u00feeir taki ekki vi\u00f0 n\u00fdjum or\u00f0um. Samkv\u00e6mt \u00fev\u00ed g\u00e6ti greining m\u00edn \u00e1 tengdum <\/em>sem n\u00fdrri forsetningu ekki sta\u00f0ist.<\/p>\n

En eins og margt sem vi\u00f0 l\u00e6rum \u00ed grunnsk\u00f3la, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00edslensku og \u00f6\u00f0rum f\u00f6gum, er skiptingin \u00ed opna og loka\u00f0a or\u00f0flokka einf\u00f6ldun \u2013 gagnleg og r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanleg einf\u00f6ldun mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feroskastig grunnsk\u00f3lanema, en einf\u00f6ldun eigi a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur. \u201eLoku\u00f0u\u201c or\u00f0flokkarnir eru nefnilega ekki har\u00f0loka\u00f0ir \u2013 \u00ed suma \u00feeirra er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta or\u00f0um, og hefur veri\u00f0 gert. En \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er sjaldan gert og \u00feeir vir\u00f0ast \u00fev\u00ed loka\u00f0ir er hlutverk \u00feeirra. Or\u00f0 \u00ed opnu flokkunum v\u00edsa \u00fat fyrir tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 \u2013 til fyrirb\u00e6ra, athafna og eiginleika \u00ed raunheiminum. \u00deess vegna \u00fearf oft a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta or\u00f0um \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 flokka. Or\u00f0 \u00ed loku\u00f0u flokkunum hafa hins vegar einkum hlutverk innan m\u00e1lsins \u2013 l\u00fdsa venslum e\u00f0a afst\u00f6\u00f0u milli or\u00f0a \u00ed textanum. \u00deessi vensl eru nokku\u00f0 f\u00f6st og breytast l\u00edti\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00deess vegna er sjaldg\u00e6ft a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum \u00e1 n\u00fdjum forsetningum, samtengingum e\u00f0a forn\u00f6fnum a\u00f0 halda \u2013 en \u00fea\u00f0 kemur samt fyrir, og \u00fe\u00e1 er ekkert \u00fev\u00ed til fyrirst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta \u00ed \u00feessa flokka. \u00c9g hef skrifa\u00f0 um nokkur n\u00fdleg tilvik \u00feess e\u00f0lis. Auk tengdum <\/em>hefur forsetningin hli\u00f0in\u00e1<\/a> <\/em>b\u00e6st vi\u00f0, eins og \u00ed \u201eG\u00f3\u00f0ur f\u00e9lagi til a\u00f0 hafa hli\u00f0in\u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00ed v\u00f6rninni\u201c \u00e1 F\u00f3tbolti.net<\/em> 2014, sem og samb\u00f6ndin fyrir hli\u00f0in\u00e1<\/a> <\/em>og fyrir bakvi\u00f0<\/a><\/em>. Einnig hafa b\u00e6st vi\u00f0 samtengingarnar \u00fataf<\/a><\/em>, eins og \u201e\u00deegar \u00e9g skrifa\u00f0i undir samninginn ger\u00f0i \u00e9g \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fataf \u00e9g er \u00e1n\u00e6g\u00f0ur\u201c \u00ed V\u00edsi <\/em>2019, og \u00feannig<\/a><\/em>, eins og \u201eVi\u00f0 hagr\u00e6\u00f0um heimilisrekstrinum \u00feannig hann ver\u00f0ur \u00f3d\u00fdrari\u201c \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>2004. Svo hefur \u00feri\u00f0ju pers\u00f3nu hvorugkynsfornafninu h\u00e1n<\/a> <\/em>veri\u00f0 b\u00e6tt \u00ed flokk fornafna<\/a> vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0ina \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Fornafni\u00f0 h\u00e1n <\/em>var s\u00e9rstaklega mynda\u00f0 til a\u00f0 gegna \u00e1kve\u00f0nu hlutverki, en hitt eru allt saman sj\u00e1lfsprottnar n\u00fdjungar \u00ed m\u00e1linu sem hafa veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 brei\u00f0ast \u00fat \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum og hafa ekki enn veri\u00f0 teknar inn \u00ed m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ib\u00e6kur e\u00f0a or\u00f0ab\u00e6kur, og ekki (or\u00f0nar) hluti af m\u00e1lsta\u00f0li. En \u00fe\u00f3tt sumum finnist \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f6rugglega \u201erangt m\u00e1l\u201c eru \u00fe\u00e6r greinilega komnar inn \u00ed e\u00f0lilegt m\u00e1li margra m\u00e1lnotenda, or\u00f0nar hluti af m\u00e1lkerfi \u00feeirra, og eru \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3umdeilanlega \u00edslenska \u2013 ekkert \u00f3merkilegri e\u00f0a \u00f3\u00e6\u00f0ri en \u00edslenskan m\u00edn og \u00fe\u00edn. Vi\u00f0 t\u00f6kum n\u00fdjum nafnor\u00f0um, s\u00f6gnum og l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0um yfirleitt vel ef \u00feau gera eitthvert gagn, og engin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 taka \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi \u00e1 m\u00f3ti n\u00fdjum forsetningum, samtengingum og forn\u00f6fnum sem \u00fej\u00f3na einhverju hlutverki.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd morgun skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g pistil \u00fear sem \u00e9g h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 tengdum sem er upphaflega \u00fe\u00e1gufallsmynd (\u00ed karlkyni og hvorugkyni eint\u00f6lu, og fleirt\u00f6lu allra kynja) af l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0inu tengdur v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast yfir \u00ed forsetningu. \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c var minnt \u00e1 a\u00f0 forsetningar v\u00e6ru \u00ed h\u00f3pi loka\u00f0ra or\u00f0flokka, \u00e1samt greini, nafnh\u00e1ttarmerki, t\u00f6luor\u00f0um, forn\u00f6fnum […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8062","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8062"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8063,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8062\/revisions\/8063"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}