{"id":8360,"date":"2026-10-22T13:49:28","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:49:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=8360"},"modified":"2026-10-22T13:56:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:56:47","slug":"tvo-af-bestu-rithofundum-thjodarinnar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2026\/10\/22\/tvo-af-bestu-rithofundum-thjodarinnar\/","title":{"rendered":"Tv\u00f6 af bestu rith\u00f6fundum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u00f3kmennta\u00fe\u00e1tturinn \u201eKiljan\u201c h\u00f3fst<\/a> \u00ed g\u00e6r \u00e1 or\u00f0unum \u201eTv\u00f6 af bestu rith\u00f6fundum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar ver\u00f0a hj\u00e1 okkur \u00ed \u00feessum \u00fe\u00e6tti\u201c. \u00deetta var\u00f0 tilefni mikillar umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lv\u00f6ndunar\u00fe\u00e6ttinum\u201c \u00fear sem bent var \u00e1 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundur <\/em>v\u00e6ri karlkynsor\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt a\u00f0 nota karlkynsmynd t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins og segja tveir<\/em><\/strong> af bestu rith\u00f6fundum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar<\/em> \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundarnir sem um var r\u00e6tt s\u00e9u kona og karl. Meginreglan \u00ed \u00edslensku er vissulega s\u00fa a\u00f0 sambeyging l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0a, fornafna og t\u00f6luor\u00f0a, sem og v\u00edsun pers\u00f3nufornafna, s\u00e9 formleg, m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg \u2013 taki mi\u00f0 af kyni \u00feess nafnor\u00f0s sem vi\u00f0 \u00e1. \u00deannig hef\u00f0i venjulega veri\u00f0 sagt t.d. rith\u00f6fundurinn er snjall<\/strong> og n\u00fdjasta b\u00f3k hans<\/strong> fr\u00e1b\u00e6r <\/em>\u00fe\u00f3tt um konu v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundur <\/em>er karlkynsor\u00f0.<\/p>\n

En merkingarleg v\u00edsun pers\u00f3nufornafna, \u00fe.e. v\u00edsun til kyns \u00feeirrar pers\u00f3nu sem um er r\u00e6tt, hefur \u00fe\u00f3 t\u00ed\u00f0kast a\u00f0 einhverju marki \u00ed \u00edslensku allt fr\u00e1 fornm\u00e1li. \u00cd pistli<\/a> sem Haukur \u00deorgeirsson skrifa\u00f0i \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lspjalli\u201c \u00ed vor sag\u00f0i hann: \u201e\u00c9g hugsa a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi alltaf veri\u00f0 algengara \u00ed venjulegu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 nota ekki formlegt samr\u00e6mi heldur merkingarlegt samr\u00e6mi \u00ed svona tilfellum. \u00c9g hef leita\u00f0 d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00ed fornum ritum a\u00f0 tilfellum \u00fear sem fyrst er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til konu me\u00f0 nafnor\u00f0i og s\u00ed\u00f0an me\u00f0 fornafni. \u00dear hef \u00e9g hinga\u00f0 til a\u00f0eins fundi\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um merkingarlegt samr\u00e6mi. Konan ver\u00f0ur 'h\u00fan' en ekki 'hann'.\u201c Haukur tekur nokkur d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta, me\u00f0al annars \u201eEn er l\u00e6knir s\u00e1 s\u00e1r hans \u00fe\u00e1 leita\u00f0i h\u00fan um \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e1r er hann haf\u00f0i \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0unni\u201c \u00far Heimskringlu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Merkingarleg sambeyging l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0s \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0u sagnfyllingar er s\u00e9rstaklega algeng me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num or\u00f0um \u00fear sem oft er \u00f3samr\u00e6mi milli m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegs kyns or\u00f0anna og kyns \u00feeirra sem \u00feau v\u00edsa til. \u00deetta eru t.d. or\u00f0 eins og sk\u00e1ld <\/em>sem er hvorugkyns og hetja <\/em>sem er kvenkyns en v\u00edsa mj\u00f6g oft til karlmanna. \u00cd \u00c1rb\u00f3k H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands <\/em>1924 segir: \u201esk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 var tekinn h\u00f6ndum s\u00f6kum tr\u00faarsko\u00f0ana sinna.\u201c \u00cd Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1992 segir: \u201eHetjan er fallinn.\u201c Sama m\u00e1li gegnir um or\u00f0 eins og krakki <\/em>sem er karlkynsor\u00f0 en \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lunni krakkar <\/em>v\u00edsar mj\u00f6g oft til kynjablanda\u00f0s h\u00f3ps. \u00cd F\u00e1lkanum <\/em>1957 segir: \u201eKrakkarnir eru \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6g og sk\u00edtug.\u201c Sl\u00edk merkingarleg sambeyging var algeng \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld eins og Gu\u00f0r\u00fan \u00de\u00f3rhallsd\u00f3ttir hefur s\u00fdnt<\/a>, a.m.k. \u00ed \u00f3formlegu m\u00e1li.<\/p>\n

Af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um hefur notkun merkingarlegrar v\u00edsunar og sambeygingar sennilega aukist t\u00f6luvert \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan s\u00e9 misj\u00f6fn eftir or\u00f0um. Vi\u00f0 erum t.d. or\u00f0in v\u00f6n \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra landsins s\u00e9 kona og \u00fev\u00ed hlj\u00f3mar setningin \u201eFors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra er vong\u00f3\u00f0 um a\u00f0 frumvarp hennar um breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni f\u00e1i vanda\u00f0a me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og eftirlitsnefnd\u201c \u00ed V\u00edsi <\/em>2021 alveg e\u00f0lilega \u00ed m\u00ednum eyrum. En \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e1nari sem setningafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg tengsl or\u00f0sins sem um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a eru vi\u00f0 nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0, \u00feeim mun erfi\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 nota merkingarlega sambeygingu. L\u00fdsingaror\u00f0, t\u00f6luor\u00f0 e\u00f0a fornafn \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0u sagnfyllingar getur haft merkingarlega sambeygingu, en standi sama or\u00f0 hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt me\u00f0 nafnor\u00f0i ver\u00f0ur \u00fea\u00f0 alltaf a\u00f0 sambeygjast \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00fatloka\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 segja *tv\u00f6 bestu rith\u00f6fundar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar<\/em> vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 t\u00f6luor\u00f0i\u00f0 og nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 eru \u00fear hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00e1 kemur a\u00f0eins m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg sambeyging til greina. En \u00ed \u00e1\u00f0urnefndu d\u00e6mi \u00far \u201eKiljunni\u201c eru \u00feau ekki hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0, heldur er nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed forsetningarli\u00f0 sem stendur me\u00f0 t\u00f6luor\u00f0inu, tv\u00f6 af <\/strong>bestu rith\u00f6fundum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar<\/em>. \u00ddmis samb\u00e6rileg d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 finna um merkingarlega sambeygingu \u00ed \u00feeirri setningager\u00f0. \u00cd Nor\u00f0urlj\u00f3sinu <\/em>1961 segir: \u201eH\u00e9r koma tv\u00e6r af beztu vi\u00f0skiptavinum m\u00ednum.\u201c \u00cd V\u00edsi <\/em>1977 segir: \u201esigra\u00f0i h\u00fan m.a. tv\u00e6r af fremstu 800 metra hlaupurum Sv\u00eda.\u201c \u00cd DV <\/em>2001 segir: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 vanta\u00f0i tv\u00e6r af bestu m\u00f6nnum li\u00f0sins.\u201c \u00cd Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0inu <\/em>2005 segir: \u201eH\u00e9r til h\u00e6gri sj\u00e1st tv\u00e6r af bestu leikm\u00f6nnum Stj\u00f6rnunnar.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessum d\u00e6mum er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til tveggja kvenna og \u00fev\u00ed notu\u00f0 kvenkynsmynd t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins, tv\u00e6r<\/em>, enda \u00fe\u00f3tt nafnor\u00f0in sem notu\u00f0 er um konurnar \u00ed textanum s\u00e9u karlkyns. Fj\u00f6lda sams konar d\u00e6ma um merkingarlega v\u00edsun t\u00f6luor\u00f0s e\u00f0a fornafns m\u00e1 finna \u00fear sem nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 er eitt \u00feeirra sem \u00e1\u00f0ur voru nefnd \u2013 sk\u00e1ld<\/em>, hetja <\/em>e\u00f0a fleirtalan krakkar<\/em>. \u00cd Sk\u00edrni <\/em>1869 segir: \u201eEinn af sk\u00e1ldum \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja [\u2026] Emanuel Geibel a\u00f0 nafni.\u201c \u00cd Austra <\/em>1901 segir: \u201eEnn \u00fe\u00e1 lifir einn af hetjunum \u00far einvalali\u00f0i Nap\u00f3leons mikla, p\u00f3lskur ma\u00f0ur.\u201c \u00cd Helgarp\u00f3stinum <\/em>1987 segir: \u201eEn \u00feeir eru bara tveir af hetjum Kellys.\u201c \u00cd Barnabla\u00f0inu <\/em>1942 segir: \u201ekom \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e1lfgj\u00f6r\u00f0ur \u00f6fundarsvipur \u00e1 sum af kr\u00f6kkunum.\u201c \u00cd Austra <\/em>1989 segir: \u201e\u00c1 myndinni h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan eru \u00ferj\u00fa af kr\u00f6kkunum.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt vissulega s\u00e9 \u00fev\u00ed haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 sambeyging og v\u00edsun \u00ed \u00edslensku s\u00e9 \u00e6vinlega m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg er \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00edklega a\u00f0 einhverju leyti tilb\u00fain regla sem \u00e1 s\u00e9r ekki endilega styrka sto\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1lkennd f\u00f3lks \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan hafi veri\u00f0 barin inn \u00ed okkur \u00ed sk\u00f3lum svo a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6ldum oft a\u00f0 e\u00f0lileg merkingarleg sambeyging s\u00e9 r\u00f6ng. Gu\u00f0r\u00fan \u00de\u00f3rhallsd\u00f3ttir hefur bent \u00e1<\/a> a\u00f0 m\u00f3tendur \u00edslensks m\u00e1lsta\u00f0als \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld \u201evoru ekki a\u00f0eins innbl\u00e1snir af fornm\u00e1linu, heldur ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00feeir \u00feekktu til m\u00e1lst\u00f6\u00f0lunar hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um og tungum\u00e1lakennslu, m.a. kennslu lat\u00ednu. Hin langa lat\u00ednukennsluhef\u00f0 lag\u00f0i mikla \u00e1herslu \u00e1 beygingar [\u2026] og \u00e1 formlegt samr\u00e6mi. \u00dev\u00ed vakna grunsemdir um a\u00f0 m\u00e1lst\u00f6\u00f0lunin hafi e.t.v. or\u00f0i\u00f0 til a\u00f0 auka formlegt samr\u00e6mi\u201c segir Gu\u00f0r\u00fan.<\/p>\n

Merkingarleg sambeyging og v\u00edsun \u00e1 s\u00e9r langa hef\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu og fr\u00e1leitt a\u00f0 hafna \u00feessu algerlega og \u00ed eitt skipti fyrir \u00f6ll, \u00fe\u00f3tt notkun \u00feess l\u00fati vissulega \u00fdmsum venjum og takm\u00f6rkunum og tilfinning f\u00f3lks fyrir \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9 misj\u00f6fn. Vegna \u00e1herslu \u00e1 m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega sambeygingu m\u00e1 b\u00faast vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 merkingarleg sambeyging s\u00e9 mun algengari \u00ed \u00f3formlegu m\u00e1li en \u00ed textum \u2013 \u00fear hafi h\u00fan oftast veri\u00f0 hreinsu\u00f0 \u00fat. En \u00fea\u00f0 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00fdmsum finnst e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 t\u00f6luor\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed setningum eins og \u00feeirri sem h\u00e9r er til umr\u00e6\u00f0u mi\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 kyn \u00feeirra sem um er r\u00e6tt, og \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lv\u00f6ndunar\u00fe\u00e6ttinum\u201c var m.a.s. bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 tv\u00f6 af bestu rith\u00f6fundum <\/em>var \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki eiginlega sk\u00fdrara or\u00f0alag en tveir af bestu rith\u00f6fundum <\/em>vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 gaf meiri uppl\u00fdsingar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00f3kmennta\u00fe\u00e1tturinn \u201eKiljan\u201c h\u00f3fst \u00ed g\u00e6r \u00e1 or\u00f0unum \u201eTv\u00f6 af bestu rith\u00f6fundum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar ver\u00f0a hj\u00e1 okkur \u00ed \u00feessum \u00fe\u00e6tti\u201c. \u00deetta var\u00f0 tilefni mikillar umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u201eM\u00e1lv\u00f6ndunar\u00fe\u00e6ttinum\u201c \u00fear sem bent var \u00e1 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundur v\u00e6ri karlkynsor\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt a\u00f0 nota karlkynsmynd t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins og segja tveir af bestu rith\u00f6fundum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundarnir sem […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8360"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8360\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8364,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8360\/revisions\/8364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8360"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8360"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}