{"id":1011,"date":"2016-10-14T15:27:56","date_gmt":"2016-10-14T15:27:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/?page_id=1011"},"modified":"2017-10-18T14:40:42","modified_gmt":"2017-10-18T14:40:42","slug":"vi-dyggdathekkingarfraedi-og-gildi-thekkingar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/vi-dyggdathekkingarfraedi-og-gildi-thekkingar\/","title":{"rendered":"VI: Dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i og gildi \u00feekkingar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> (e. virtue epistemology) er e\u00f0lilegt framhald kenninga um \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika. Athyglin beinist a\u00f0 \u00feeim - einstaklingum e\u00f0a samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum - sem hafa sko\u00f0anir og \u00feekkingu og hvernig h\u00fan myndast. \u00c1rei\u00f0anleikahyggjan \u00e1 erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera grein fyrir \u00feeirri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 e\u00f0a skyldu sem ma\u00f0ur ber sem sko\u00f0anamyndandi vera. Dygg\u00f0akenningin svarar \u00feessu. H\u00fan byggir \u00e1 samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i sem s\u00f3tti \u00ed smi\u00f0ju Arist\u00f3telesar og beindi sj\u00f3num a\u00f0 hinum dygg\u00f0uga einstaklingi. A\u00f0 vera g\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00ed einhverju er a\u00f0 vera dygg\u00f0ugur. A\u00f0 vera g\u00f3\u00f0ur si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega s\u00e9\u00f0 er a\u00f0 hafa til a\u00f0 bera si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar dygg\u00f0ir (r\u00e9tts\u00fdni, hei\u00f0arleika o.s.frv.). A\u00f0 vera g\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00ed a\u00f0 mynda \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegar sko\u00f0anir er a\u00f0 hafa til a\u00f0 bera \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar dygg\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n<p>Dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0inni er oft skipt \u00ed tvennt. Annars vegar eru <em>\u00e1rei\u00f0anleikadygg\u00f0ir<\/em> (e. virtue reliabilism), \u00fear sem \u00e1herslan er l\u00f6g\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0a virkni sko\u00f0anamyndandi ferla eins og skynjunar og minnis, og hins vegar er <em>\u00e1byrg\u00f0ardygg\u00f0ir<\/em> (e. virtue responsibilism), \u00fear sem \u00e1herslan er \u00e1 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 einstaklingsins. \u00cd \u00feessum hluta munum vi\u00f0 einbeita okkur a\u00f0 \u00e1byrg\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Dygg\u00f0ir eru ekki me\u00f0f\u00e6ddar heldur \u00feroskum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r me\u00f0 okkur. Grunnhugmynd dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0innar er a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feroskum me\u00f0 okkur h\u00e6fileikann til a\u00f0 mynda \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegar sko\u00f0anir. Vi\u00f0 gerum \u00feetta viljandi og uppfyllum \u00fear me\u00f0 kr\u00f6funa um a\u00f0 bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 sko\u00f0unum okkar. Til a\u00f0 \u00feroska \u00feennan h\u00e6fileika me\u00f0 okkur \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vita til hvers vi\u00f0 \u00feroskum hann og bera vir\u00f0ingu fyrir sannleikanum.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 lesum eftirfarandi texta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alvin Plantinga \u201eWarrant: A First Approximation\u201c, Linda Zagzebski \u201e<em>Virtues of the Mind<\/em>, Selections\u201c, Duncan Prichard \u201eCognitive Responsibility and the Epistemic Virtues\u201c og Jonathan I. Kvanvig \u201eWhy Should Inquiring Minds Want to Know? <em>Meno<\/em>Problems and Epistemological Axiology.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cdtarefni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epistemology-virtue\/\">Virtue epistemology (SEP)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/x2kLOisfkPw?list=PLtKNX4SfKpzWo1oasZmNPOzZaQdHw3TIe\">Virtue epistemology (YT)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Alvin Plantinga \u201eWarrant: A First Approximation\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Plantinga beinir sj\u00f3num a\u00f0 <em>heimild<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti<\/em> (e. warrant) og spyr um hva\u00f0 \u00feurfi til a\u00f0 sko\u00f0un s\u00e9 heimil \u00ed \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum skilningi. Lykilhugtak \u00ed kenningu hans er <em>h\u00e6fni<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>virkni<\/em> (e. function), sem vi\u00f0 getum skili\u00f0 \u00ed arist\u00f3tel\u00edskum skilningi \u00fat fr\u00e1 kenningum hans um <em>eiginverk<\/em> (gr. ergon). Samkv\u00e6mt Plantinga virkum vi\u00f0, sko\u00f0anamyndandi verur, \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0nu samhengi e\u00f0a a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um sem vi\u00f0 erum h\u00f6nnu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 virka \u00ed. Stundum virkum vi\u00f0 vel og stundum virkum vi\u00f0 illa. \u00deegar vi\u00f0 virkum vel \u00ed r\u00e9ttu samhengi \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e1 reikna me\u00f0 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir sem vi\u00f0 myndum s\u00e9u, l\u00edklega, sannar og \u00fear me\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um \u00feekkingu.<\/p>\n<p>Eftir nokkrar tilraunir til a\u00f0 skilgreina heimild leggur Plantinga fram eftirfarandi hugbo\u00f0 um hva\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed felst:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Manneskja M hefur heimild (e. warrant) fyrir sko\u00f0un S eff vi\u00f0eigandi hlutar (e. relevant segments) h\u00f6nnunarinnar (\u00feeir sem tengjast m\u00f3tun sko\u00f0unar S) virka vel \u00ed hugr\u00e6nu umhverfi (e. cognitive environment) sem l\u00edkist n\u00e6gilega miki\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem g\u00e1fur (e. faculties) M voru hanna\u00f0ar fyrir;<\/li>\n<li>og einingar (e. modules) h\u00f6nnunarinnar (e. design plan) sem stj\u00f3rna myndun sko\u00f0unar S (1) mi\u00f0a a\u00f0 sannleikanum og (2) eru \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eru miklar hlutl\u00e6gar l\u00edkur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir sem myndast \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00feessar einingar (\u00ed sl\u00edku hugr\u00e6nu umhverfi) eru sannar;<\/li>\n<li>og \u00fev\u00ed sterkar sem M tr\u00fair S \u00fev\u00ed meiri heimild hefur M fyrir S.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Linda Zagzebski \u201e<em>Virtues of the Mind<\/em>, Selections\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd kafla b\u00f3karinnar <em>Dygg\u00f0ir hugans<\/em> sem h\u00e9r er til umr\u00e6\u00f0u fjallar Linda Zagzebski um andlegar dygg\u00f0ir \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar dygg\u00f0ir. \u00deekking og \u00f6nnur <em>doxast\u00edsk<\/em> \u00e1st\u00f6nd eru d\u00e6mi um andlegar dygg\u00f0ir. H\u00fan skilur <em>dygg\u00f0<\/em> (e. <em>virtue<\/em>) \u00e1 hef\u00f0bundinn h\u00e1tt sem <em>\u00e1g\u00e6ti<\/em> (e. <em>excellence<\/em>), \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera eitthva\u00f0 vel. Sl\u00edkt \u00e1g\u00e6ti beinist a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0um sem eru \u00f3l\u00edk eftir \u00feeim dygg\u00f0um sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n<p>Zagzebski skilgreinir dygg\u00f0 \u00e1 eftirfarandi h\u00e1tt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Dj\u00fapt og varanlegt \u00e1unni\u00f0 \u00e1g\u00e6ti manneskju sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r einkennandi (e. characteristic) hv\u00f6t til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram \u00e1kve\u00f0nu \u00e6skilegu markmi\u00f0i og \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika \u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed fram<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tv\u00f6 lykilhugt\u00f6k \u00ed kenningu Zagzebski eru <em>hv\u00f6t<\/em> (e. <em>motivation<\/em>) og <em>\u00e1rei\u00f0anleiki<\/em> (e. <em>reliability<\/em>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hv\u00f6t er, skv. Zagzebski, <em>hneig\u00f0<\/em> (e. <em>disposition<\/em>) e\u00f0a tilfinning sem beinir manni a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu markmi\u00f0i.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c1rei\u00f0anleikinn kemur fram \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 rei\u00f0a sig \u00e1 a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur hafi og fylgi \u00feessari hv\u00f6t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar dygg\u00f0ir beinast a\u00f0 hinu g\u00f3\u00f0a en \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar dygg\u00f0ir beinast a\u00f0 raunveruleikanum.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Duncan Prichard \u201eCognitive Responsibility and the Epistemic Virtues\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Prichard f\u00e6rir r\u00f6k gegn dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed s\u00ednu framlagi. Hann beitir d\u00e6mum sem tengjast \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri heppni til a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 galla vi\u00f0 dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ina. Hann greinir \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega heppni \u00ed tvennt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00deH: <em>Raunveruleg \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg heppni<\/em> (e. veritic epistemic luck): Um hvernig sko\u00f0un var <em>raunverulega<\/em> myndu\u00f0.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cd\u00deH: <em>\u00cdhugandi \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg heppni<\/em> (e. reflective epistemic luck): Um hvernig ma\u00f0ur <em>heldur<\/em> a\u00f0 sko\u00f0un s\u00edn s\u00e9 myndu\u00f0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Um tv\u00e6r tegundir dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Str\u00f6ng dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> (e. austere virtue epistemology): \u00deekking er s\u00f6nn sko\u00f0un fengin \u00ed gegnum hugr\u00e6na dygg\u00f0, \u00fear sem hugr\u00e6n dygg\u00f0 er h\u00e6fileiki til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last sannar sko\u00f0anir \u00e1 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegan h\u00e1tt og for\u00f0ast \u00f3sannar sko\u00f0anir.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00c1byrg\u00f0ar dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> (e. responsibilist virtue epistemology): B\u00e6tir vi\u00f0 fyrri skilgreiningu a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem hefur sko\u00f0unina hafi hugr\u00e6nu dygg\u00f0ina sem skiptir m\u00e1li <em>vegna \u00feess<\/em> a\u00f0 h\u00fan er \u00e1byrg.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00e6mi\u00f0 um Mar\u00edu (sem b\u00e6\u00f0i Zagzebski og Prichard nota):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mar\u00eda fer inn \u00ed stofu og s\u00e9r mann \u00ed h\u00e6gindast\u00f3lnum sem ma\u00f0ur hennar situr alla jafna \u00ed. H\u00fan hugsar me\u00f0 s\u00e9r: \u201eMa\u00f0urinn minn situr inni \u00ed stofu\u201c, og fer s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 kl\u00f3setti\u00f0. En Mar\u00eda rugla\u00f0ist, ma\u00f0urinn \u00ed st\u00f3lnum er ekki ma\u00f0ur hennar heldur br\u00f3\u00f0ir hans sem h\u00fan haf\u00f0i enga \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00e1 sta\u00f0num (hann hefur veri\u00f0 erlendis \u00ed \u00e1ratugi). Hins vegar situr ma\u00f0ur hennar annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed stofunni, \u00fear sem h\u00fan s\u00e9r hann ekki.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Prichard telur \u00f6ryggiskr\u00f6fu betri en dygg\u00f0akenningu til a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta vandanum sem \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg heppni skapar. \u00d6ryggiskrafan er eftirfarandi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A heldur a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> a\u00f0eins ef <em>f<\/em> er s\u00f6nn (sterk \u00fatg\u00e1fa).<\/li>\n<li>\u00dea\u00f0 er mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 A haldi a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> s\u00e9 s\u00f6nn (veik \u00fatg\u00e1fa).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Jonathan I. Kvanvig \u201eWhy Should Inquiring Minds Want to Know?: <em>Meno <\/em>Problems and Epistemological Axiology\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00dar <em>Men\u00f3ni<\/em> eftir Platon, 97D-98A (\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing: Sveinbj\u00f6rn Egilsson)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Men\u00f3n<br \/>\n<\/em>M\u00e9r s\u00fdnist \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 vera svo. \u00c9g undra mig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, S\u00f3krates, ef \u00feessu er svolei\u00f0is vari\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 skuli vera haldi\u00f0 langtum meira upp \u00e1 \u00feekkingu en r\u00e9tta meiningu, og \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvers vegna \u00feessir hlutir eru sitt hva\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>S\u00f3krates<br \/>\n<\/em>Veiztu \u00fe\u00e1 af hverju \u00fe\u00fa undrar \u00feig yfir \u00fev\u00ed, e\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00e9g a\u00f0 segja \u00fe\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Men\u00f3n<br \/>\n<\/em>Blessa\u00f0ur seg\u00f0u m\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>S\u00f3krates<br \/>\n<\/em>\u00dea\u00f0 er af \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00fa hefur ekki teki\u00f0 r\u00e9tt eftir myndastyttunum hans Da\u00eddalosar. En kannski hafi\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 engar myndastyttur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Men\u00f3n<br \/>\n<\/em>Hva\u00f0 ertu n\u00fa a\u00f0 fara?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>S\u00f3krates<br \/>\n<\/em>A\u00f0 \u00feessar myndastyttur hlaupa l\u00edka burtu og strj\u00faka ef \u00fe\u00e6r eru ekki bundnar, en eru kyrrar ef \u00fe\u00e6r eru bundnar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Men\u00f3n<br \/>\n<\/em>Og?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>S\u00f3krates<br \/>\n<\/em>\u00dea\u00f0 er ekki miki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 vari\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fatvega s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 af sm\u00ed\u00f0isgripum Da\u00eddalosar sem lausir eru eins og strokumenn, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir standa ekki hj\u00e1 manni, en \u00fea\u00f0 er mikils vert a\u00f0 \u00fatvega s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 sem bundnir eru, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir gripir eru mj\u00f6g fallegir. Hva\u00f0 er \u00e9g n\u00fa a\u00f0 fara? \u00c9g er a\u00f0 hugsa um r\u00e9ttu meiningarnar, \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e6r standa vi\u00f0 hj\u00e1 manni, \u00fe\u00e1 eru \u00fe\u00e6r fallegur hlutur og framkv\u00e6ma allt sem gott er. En \u00fe\u00e6r vilja ekki standa lengi vi\u00f0, heldur strj\u00faka burt \u00far s\u00e1l mannsins. \u00dev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r eru ekki mikil ver\u00f0ar fyrr en ma\u00f0ur er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 binda \u00fe\u00e6r me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0um og gildum r\u00f6kum. \u00dea\u00f0 er n\u00fa upprifjunin, Men\u00f3n minn g\u00f3\u00f0ur, eins og okkur kom saman um \u00ed samtali h\u00e9rna \u00e1 undan. \u00deegar b\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 fj\u00f6tra \u00fe\u00e6r ni\u00f0ur, \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r fyrst a\u00f0 \u00feekkingu og \u00far \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r st\u00f6\u00f0ugar hj\u00e1 manni. Og \u00feess vegna er \u00feekking meira ver\u00f0 en r\u00e9tt meining. \u00dea\u00f0 eru fj\u00f6trarnir sem skilja a\u00f0 \u00feekkingu og r\u00e9tta meiningu.<\/p>\n<p>Kvanvig spyr s\u00f3krat\u00edsku spurningarinnar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Af hverju \u00e6ttum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vilja \u00feekkingu frekar en sanna sko\u00f0un?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hann spyr l\u00edka s\u00f3krat\u00edsku eftir-getter\u00edsku spurningarinnar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Af hverju \u00e6ttum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vilja \u00feekkingu frekar en sanna r\u00f6kstudda sko\u00f0un<\/em> (\u00fev\u00ed \u00feekking er anna\u00f0 en s\u00f6nn r\u00f6kstudd sko\u00f0un, eins og Gettier og fleiri hafa s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1)<em>?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd \u00f6llum tilfellum telur Kvanvig a\u00f0 \u00feekking s\u00e9 \u00f3raunh\u00e6ft e\u00f0a \u00f3\u00fearft markmi\u00f0 og a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e6ttum a\u00f0 einbeita okkur a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 hugr\u00e6unum e\u00f0a vitsmunalegum markmi\u00f0um okkar.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hugr\u00e6n<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>vistmunaleg<\/em> (e. cognitive e\u00f0a intellectual) markmi\u00f0 okkar eru ekki \u00feekking sem sl\u00edk, a\u00f0 mati Kvanvig, heldur eiginleikar sem vi\u00f0 tengjum vi\u00f0 \u00feekkingu. Eiginleikar eins og <em>\u00f3betranleiki<\/em> (e. incorrigibility), <em>\u00f3brig\u00f0ulleiki<\/em> (e. infallibility), <em>varanleiki<\/em> (e. permanence), <em>fj\u00f6trun<\/em> (e. tetheredness), <em>frumspekileg fullvissa<\/em> (e. metaphysical certainty) og fleira svipa\u00f0. Kvanvig er ekki viss um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 getum n\u00e1\u00f0 \u00feessum markmi\u00f0um me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta einhverju vi\u00f0 sanna (r\u00f6kstudda) sko\u00f0un sem gerir hana a\u00f0 \u00feekkingu.<\/p>\n<p>Spurning: <em>Hva\u00f0a eiginleika getur sko\u00f0un haft, a\u00f0ra en einfaldlega a\u00f0 vera s\u00f6nn, sem lei\u00f0a mann til sannleikans?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessu samhengi veltir Kvanvig m.a. fyrir s\u00e9r kenningum um r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning (e\u00f0a r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 getum b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 sanna sko\u00f0un til a\u00f0 b\u00faa til \u00feekkningu) sem ganga \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur s\u00e9 lei\u00f0 e\u00f0a t\u00e6ki til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 markmi\u00f0i. Markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 s\u00f6nn sko\u00f0un. Hann hafnar \u00feessari hugmynd me\u00f0 greiningu sem hann s\u00e6kir til <em>athafnakenninga<\/em> (e. action theory) og gerir greinarmun \u00e1 <em>virkum lei\u00f0um<\/em> (e. effective means) og <em>\u00e6tlandi lei\u00f0um<\/em> (e. intentional means). Virkar lei\u00f0ir eru \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegar lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i en \u00e6tlandi lei\u00f0ir \u00feurfa ekki a\u00f0 vara \u00fea\u00f0 (\u00fe\u00e6r eru bara \u00fea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 \u00e6tlum okkur og segja ekkert um hva\u00f0 vi\u00f0 getum). Hvernig getur r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur (e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0) veri\u00f0 \u00e6tlandi e\u00f0a virk lei\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0inu um sannleika?<\/p>\n<p>A\u00f0 lokum veltir Kvanvig upp spurningunni um <em>skilning<\/em> (e. understanding) sem <em>vitsmunalegri dygg\u00f0<\/em> (e. intellectual virtue) sem er \u00f3m\u00f6guleg \u00e1n \u00feekkingar. Kvanvig s\u00e9r ekki a\u00f0 \u00feekking s\u00e9 nau\u00f0synleg til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last skilning (kenningar um skilning hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1berandi undanfarin \u00e1r).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i (e. virtue epistemology) er e\u00f0lilegt framhald kenninga um \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika. Athyglin beinist a\u00f0 \u00feeim - einstaklingum e\u00f0a samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum - sem hafa sko\u00f0anir og \u00feekkingu og hvernig h\u00fan myndast. \u00c1rei\u00f0anleikahyggjan \u00e1 erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera grein fyrir \u00feeirri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 e\u00f0a skyldu &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/vi-dyggdathekkingarfraedi-og-gildi-thekkingar\/\">Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":0,"parent":811,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1011","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1011","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/414"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1011"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1011\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1450,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1011\/revisions\/1450"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1011"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}