{"id":1416,"date":"2017-09-27T15:27:08","date_gmt":"2017-09-27T15:27:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/?page_id=1416"},"modified":"2017-10-18T14:39:07","modified_gmt":"2017-10-18T14:39:07","slug":"hugtok-thydingar-og-skilgreiningar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/hugtok-thydingar-og-skilgreiningar\/","title":{"rendered":"Hugt\u00f6k: \u00de\u00fd\u00f0ingar og skilgreiningar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir eru nokkur lykilhugt\u00f6k sem koma fyrir \u00ed lesefninu. Hugt\u00f6kin eru skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1 ensku, \u00feeim fylgir tillaga a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu og s\u00ed\u00f0an sk\u00fdring \u00e1 merkingu. Nemendur hafa \u00ed m\u00f6rgum tilfellum veri\u00f0 hj\u00e1lplegir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna g\u00f3\u00f0 \u00edslensk or\u00f0 e\u00f0a frasa (\u00ed t\u00edmum, dagb\u00f3kum og ritger\u00f0um) og \u00feakka \u00e9g \u00feeim fyrir framlagi\u00f0.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Access internalism<\/strong>: <em>a\u00f0gangs innanhyggja<\/em>. Um \u00fe\u00e1 kenningu a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur \u00feurfi a\u00f0 hafa a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningi fyrir sko\u00f0un, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki n\u00f3g a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningurinn s\u00e9 til heldur a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur geti veri\u00f0 me\u00f0vita\u00f0ur um hann.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attitude<\/strong>: <em>afsta\u00f0a<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um fullyr\u00f0ingar og afst\u00f6\u00f0u einstaklings til fullyr\u00f0inga. Afsta\u00f0a getur t.d. veri\u00f0 sko\u00f0anabundin (e. doxastic), \u00feekkingarbundin (e. epistemic) e\u00f0a sta\u00f0reyndabundin (e. factive).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Belief dependent process<\/strong>: <em>sko\u00f0anabundin \u00e1lyktun<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 \u00ed utanhyggjukenningum um \u00e1lyktinir sem byggja \u00e1 sko\u00f0unum til a\u00f0 skilja \u00fe\u00e6r fr\u00e1 \u00e1lyktunum sem byggjast ekki \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sko\u00f0unum. \u00deessi greinarmunur er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 greinarmun innan bjarghyggjunnar \u00e1 grunnsko\u00f0unum og afleiddum sko\u00f0unum.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cognitive<\/strong>: <em>hugr\u00e6nt<\/em>. \u00cd \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i oft nota\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00ed huganum. \u00deannig er <strong>Cognitive justification <\/strong><em>hugr\u00e6nn r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur<\/em>, \u00fe.e. r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00ed huganum. <strong>Cognitive contact with reality<\/strong> <em>hugr\u00e6nt samband vi\u00f0 raunveruleikann<\/em>, er nota\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 sannleika um tengingu hugsunar og veruleika.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coherentism<\/strong>: <em>samr\u00e6mishyggja<\/em>. Hafnar l\u00edkingunni um h\u00fasi\u00f0 og grunninn og hafnar \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur s\u00e9 \u201el\u00ednulegur\u201c (A vegna B, B vegna C o.s.frv.). \u00dev\u00ed er misv\u00edsandi a\u00f0 tala um hringr\u00f6k. Sko\u00f0un er r\u00f6kstudd (og s\u00f6nn) er h\u00fan er hluti af kerfi sem er samr\u00e6mt, e\u00f0a ef h\u00fan gerir kerfi sko\u00f0ana meira samr\u00e6mt en \u00fea\u00f0 var fyrir. Lykilatri\u00f0i er a\u00f0 kerfi\u00f0 s\u00e9 laust vi\u00f0 m\u00f3tsagnir. Veikari samr\u00e6mishyggja gefur pl\u00e1ss fyrir a\u00f0 sumar sko\u00f0anir s\u00e9, \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta a\u00f0 hluta til, r\u00f6kstuddar \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi en me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun \u00ed samr\u00e6mt kerfi. T.d. sj\u00e1lfsprottnar sko\u00f0anir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conjunctive belief<\/strong>: <em>tengd sko\u00f0un<\/em>. \u00deegar ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a (t.d. sko\u00f0un) er fengin vi\u00f0 \u00e1lyktun sem byggist \u00e1 annarri sko\u00f0un \u00fe\u00e1 getur s\u00fa sko\u00f0un veri\u00f0 tengd, \u00fe.e. fleiri en ein (\u201e\u00e9g held a\u00f0 A vegna B&amp;C\u201c).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disposition<\/strong>: <em>hneig\u00f0<\/em>. M.a. nota\u00f0 \u00ed dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00fev\u00ed sem ma\u00f0ur reglulega hneigist a\u00f0 og er \u00fev\u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0ugt einkenni \u00e1 fari manns. <strong>Dispositional belief<\/strong>: <em>hneig\u00f0 til sko\u00f0unar<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um sko\u00f0anir sem ma\u00f0ur hefur \u00e1n \u00feess (endilega) a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 hugsa \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00c9g get t.d. veri\u00f0 sannf\u00e6r\u00f0ur um \u00e1g\u00e6ti l\u00fdsis \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera st\u00f6\u00f0ugt a\u00f0 hugsa um l\u00fdsi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Doxastic<\/strong>: <em>sko\u00f0unar-<\/em>\/<em>sko\u00f0ana-<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um allt sem tengist \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa sko\u00f0un. Innanhyggjukenningar um r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning gera t.d. r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting s\u00e9 alltaf doxastic. (D\u00e6mi um notkun: <strong>Doxastic voluntarism<\/strong>: <em>viljahyggja um sko\u00f0anir<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa afst\u00f6\u00f0u til sko\u00f0anamyndunar sem segir a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0um hva\u00f0a sko\u00f0anir vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fu. <strong>Doxastic Decision Principle<\/strong>: <em>\u00e1kvar\u00f0anal\u00f6gm\u00e1l fyrir sko\u00f0anir<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um l\u00f6gm\u00e1l sem vi\u00f0 byggjum \u00e1 \u00feegar vi\u00f0 myndum sko\u00f0anir.)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Epistemic<\/strong>: <em>\u00feekkingar<\/em>-. T.d. um epistemic perception. Er skynjun einhvern t\u00edmann \u00feekkingarlaus? \u00de.e. er til skynjun sem ekki er bundin hugt\u00f6ku \u00e1 einhvern h\u00e1tt, \u00fe.e.a.s. skynjun sem er non-cognitive (ekki-hugr\u00e6n)? \u00deetta er grundvallaratri\u00f0i \u00ed deilu grundvallarhyggju og samr\u00e6mishyggju.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Externalism<\/strong>: <em>utanhyggja<\/em>. Kenning sem segir a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur (justification) e\u00f0a heimild (warrant) fyrir sko\u00f0un s\u00e9 hlutl\u00e6g og \u00feurfi ekki endilega a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0gengileg \u00feeim sem hefur sko\u00f0unina. Utanhyggjukenningar v\u00edsa oftast \u00ed orsakir, \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika, n\u00e6mni e\u00f0a \u00f6ryggi (flokkast allt undir heimild) \u00ed vi\u00f0b\u00f3t vi\u00f0 sannar sko\u00f0anir til a\u00f0 skilgreina \u00feekkingu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Factive<\/strong>: <em>sta\u00f0reynda<\/em>-. Um afst\u00f6\u00f0u sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r sta\u00f0reynd. \u00deannig er sta\u00f0reyndabundin afsta\u00f0a til fullyr\u00f0ingar \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 h\u00fan felur \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0ingin er s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faculty<\/strong>: <em>g\u00e1fur<\/em>. <strong>Epistemic faculties<\/strong>: <em>\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar g\u00e1fur<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um g\u00e1fur eins og skynjun, inns\u00e6i og fleira sem getur leitt til \u00feekkingar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Foundationalism<\/strong>: <em>bjarghyggja<\/em>. \u201eFoundation\u201c v\u00edsar \u00ed grunn h\u00fasa og \u00fev\u00ed er bjarghyggja hugsanlega misv\u00edsandi. Grunnurinn sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 er hluti af byggingunni og ekki \u00fea\u00f0 sem grunnur byggingarinnar hv\u00edlir \u00e1. Veikari \u00fatg\u00e1fur af bjarghyggju opna fyrir m\u00f6guleikann \u00e1 a\u00f0 samr\u00e6mi sko\u00f0ana hafi hlutverk \u00ed r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function<\/strong>: <em>starf<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>virkni<\/em>. <strong>Proper function<\/strong>: <em>r\u00e9tt<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>vi\u00f0eigandi<\/em> <em>virkni<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 sem heitir yfir g\u00e1fur sem virka eins og \u00feeim er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 virka og er andsta\u00f0an vi\u00f0 <em>starfstruflun<\/em> (e. malfunction).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Internalism<\/strong>: <em>innanhyggja<\/em>. Kenning sem segir a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur me\u00f0 sko\u00f0unum eigi \u00e1valt a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0gengilegur \u00feeim sem hefur sko\u00f0unina \u201einnan fr\u00e1\u201c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Justification<\/strong>: <em>r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur<\/em>, <em>r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00fearf a\u00f0 koma \u00ed vi\u00f0b\u00f3t vi\u00f0 sannleika og sko\u00f0un til a\u00f0 mynda \u00feekkingu og er hluti af klass\u00edskri skilgreiningu \u00feekkingar sem \u201es\u00f6nn r\u00f6kstudd sko\u00f0un\u201c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Malfunction<\/strong>: <em>starfstruflun<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um starf e\u00f0a virkni (e. function) sem ekki virkar samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1\u00e6tlun.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Meta-belief<\/strong>: <em>frumsko\u00f0un<\/em>. T.d. um samr\u00e6mishyggju. Sko\u00f0anir eru r\u00f6kstuddar ef \u00fe\u00e6r eru hluti af kerfi sem hangir saman, sem er samr\u00e6mt. Til a\u00f0 st\u00f3la \u00e1 samr\u00e6mt kerfi \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa eftirfarandi frumsko\u00f0un: \u201eInnan kerfis sko\u00f0ana minna eru sko\u00f0anir r\u00f6kstuddar.\u201c E\u00f0a: \u201eKerfi sko\u00f0ana minna er samr\u00e6mt.\u201c E\u00f0a: \u201e\u00deessi sko\u00f0un [um einhverja n\u00fdja sko\u00f0un] gerir kerfi sko\u00f0ana minna meira samr\u00e6mt en \u00fea\u00f0 var.\u201c En hvernig r\u00f6ksty\u00f0jum vi\u00f0 \u00feessa sko\u00f0un? BonJour kemst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0um bara a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Motivation<\/strong>: <em>hvati<\/em>. M.a. nota\u00f0 \u00ed dygg\u00f0a\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i um <em>hneig\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0(e.\u00a0<em>disposition<\/em>) e\u00f0a tilfinning sem beinir manni a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu markmi\u00f0i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nomological<\/strong>: <em>l\u00f6gm\u00e1lsbundi\u00f0<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um eina tegund nau\u00f0synjar. Hin tegundin er logical, e\u00f0a r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega nau\u00f0syn. R\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg nau\u00f0syn er sterkari en l\u00f6gm\u00e1lsbundin nau\u00f0syn, \u00fear sem l\u00f6gm\u00e1l eru ekki eins \u00ed \u00f6llum m\u00f6gulegum heimum. Sama gildir ekki (\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta ekki a\u00f0 sama marki) um r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega nau\u00f0syn. M.a. nota\u00f0 \u00ed utanhyggjukenningum um \u00feekkingu og v\u00edsar \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed (n\u00e1tt\u00faru-)l\u00f6gm\u00e1l sem gerir a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 sko\u00f0anamyndandi ferli er \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Occurrent belief<\/strong>: <em>virk sko\u00f0un<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 um sko\u00f0un sem ma\u00f0ur hefur \u00feegar ma\u00f0ur er a\u00f0 hugsa hana e\u00f0a er me\u00f0vita\u00f0ur um hana. \u00deegar \u00e9g hugsa um a\u00f0 l\u00fdsi s\u00e9 hollt \u00fe\u00e1 er s\u00fa sko\u00f0un virk.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Penetrate, penetrating<\/strong>: <em>smj\u00faga <\/em>e\u00f0a<em> n\u00edsta<\/em>, <em>smj\u00fagandi<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>n\u00edstandi<\/em>. Nota\u00f0 \u00ed kenningum um \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun \u00feegar spurt er um<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reliabilism<\/strong>: <em>\u00e1rei\u00f0anleikahyggja<\/em>. Utanhyggjukenning sem s\u00e9rstaklega er tengd vi\u00f0 Alvin Goldman. Samkv\u00e6mt henni er \u00feekking s\u00f6nn sko\u00f0un myndu\u00f0 af \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegu ferli. S\u00fa sem hefur s\u00f6nnu sko\u00f0unina \u00fearf ekki sj\u00e1lf a\u00f0 hafa vitneskju um ferli\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika \u00feess (\u00feess vegna er kenningin utanhyggjukenning).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reliability<\/strong>: <em>\u00e1rei\u00f0anleiki<\/em>. \u00deegar sko\u00f0un er myndu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegt ferli, \u00fe.e. ferli sem lei\u00f0ir alla jafna til sannra sko\u00f0ana. Skynf\u00e6ri sem virka vel eru d\u00e6mi um \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegt ferli.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Salient<\/strong>: <em>\u00e1berandi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Safety<\/strong>: <em>\u00f6ryggi<\/em>. Sko\u00f0un er \u00f6rugg ef h\u00fan g\u00e6ti ekki au\u00f0veldlega veri\u00f0 \u00f3s\u00f6nn. Sett fram til a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta g\u00f6llum vi\u00f0 kenningu um n\u00e6mni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sensitivity<\/strong>: <em>n\u00e6mni<\/em>. S\u00e9rstaklega tengt kenningu Nozick um \u00feekkingu. Til a\u00f0 s\u00f6nn sko\u00f0un teljist \u00feekking \u00fearf h\u00fan a\u00f0 vera n\u00e6m fyrir sta\u00f0reyndum. \u00datg\u00e1fa Nozick er \u00feessi: 1. f er s\u00f6nn; 2. S heldur a\u00f0 f; 3. ef \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri ekki tilfelli\u00f0 a\u00f0 f, \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e9ldi S ekki a\u00f0 f; 4. ef f v\u00e6ri enn s\u00f6nn vi\u00f0 a\u00f0rar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e9ldi S enn a\u00f0 f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spontaneous beliefs<\/strong>: <em>sj\u00e1lfsprottnar sko\u00f0anir<\/em>. Hugtak sem BonJour notar til a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra hvernig skynjun hefur \u00e1kve\u00f0inn forgang \u00e1 a\u00f0rar sko\u00f0anir. \u00deessar sko\u00f0anir kalla ekki \u00e1 neinn r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning, \u00fe\u00e6r bara spretta upp og \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00e1kve\u00f0inn varanleiki \u00ed \u00feeim (\u00e9g l\u00edt til vinstri og s\u00e9 tr\u00e9; \u00e9g l\u00edt aftur til vintstri og tr\u00e9\u00f0 er enn \u00fearna).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Warrant<\/strong>: <em>heimild<\/em>,<em> r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti<\/em>. H\u00e9r er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem heimilar okkur a\u00f0 \u00e1lykta um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 vitum eitthva\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0nu samhengi. Oft nota\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings \u00ed utanhyggjukenningum um \u00feekkingu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir eru nokkur lykilhugt\u00f6k sem koma fyrir \u00ed lesefninu. Hugt\u00f6kin eru skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1 ensku, \u00feeim fylgir tillaga a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu og s\u00ed\u00f0an sk\u00fdring \u00e1 merkingu. Nemendur hafa \u00ed m\u00f6rgum tilfellum veri\u00f0 hj\u00e1lplegir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna g\u00f3\u00f0 \u00edslensk or\u00f0 e\u00f0a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/hugtok-thydingar-og-skilgreiningar\/\">Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":0,"parent":772,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1416","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/414"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1416"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1449,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1416\/revisions\/1449"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}