{"id":868,"date":"2016-09-06T23:43:01","date_gmt":"2016-09-06T23:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/?page_id=868"},"modified":"2017-09-03T22:19:22","modified_gmt":"2017-09-03T22:19:22","slug":"ii-uppbygging-thekkingar-og-rokstudnings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/ii-uppbygging-thekkingar-og-rokstudnings\/","title":{"rendered":"II: Uppbygging \u00feekkingar og r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right\"><em>Vilt \u00fe\u00fa \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 augu m\u00edn rengi s\u00edna sj\u00f3n?<br \/>\n<\/em>Kr\u00eds\u00f3temis \u00ed <em>Elektru<\/em> S\u00f3f\u00f3klesar, l\u00ednu 923<br \/>\n(\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0. Helgi H\u00e1lfdanarson)<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9g tel mig vita a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0ni Th. s\u00e9 forseti \u00cdslands. En hvernig veit \u00e9g \u00feetta (hvernig get \u00e9g r\u00f6kstutt a\u00f0 \u00e9g veit \u00feetta)? Vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e9g fylgdist me\u00f0 kosningunum vori\u00f0 2016 og svo hef \u00e9g l\u00edka fylgst me\u00f0 Gu\u00f0na Th. \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum. En hvernig veit \u00e9g a\u00f0 \u00feetta eru g\u00f3\u00f0ar heimildir fyrir sannf\u00e6ringu minni um a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0ni Th. s\u00e9 forseti? \u00c9g get eflaust r\u00f6kstutt \u00feetta \u00e1 einhvern h\u00e1tt en \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e1 hugsanlega spyrja aftur um r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning og s\u00ed\u00f0an enn einu sinni. A\u00f0 feta sig aftur eftir ke\u00f0ju af \u00feessu tagi hefur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 <em>\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt afturhvarf<\/em> (e. epistemic regress) og \u00feegar spurt er um uppbyggingu \u00feekkingar e\u00f0a r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings \u00fe\u00e1 er spurt um hvert \u00feessi ke\u00f0ja lei\u00f0i og hvort afturhvarfi\u00f0 (e\u00f0a hopunin) stoppi einhvers sta\u00f0ar. (R\u00e9tt a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 ke\u00f0jul\u00edkingin getur veri\u00f0 blekkjandi - raunveruleg \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg rakning er n\u00e6stum aldrei einf\u00f6ld ke\u00f0ja heldur fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 net.) H\u00fan getur fari\u00f0 \u00ed hring, h\u00fan getur haldi\u00f0 endalaust \u00e1fram e\u00f0a h\u00fan getur stoppa\u00f0 einhvers sta\u00f0ar. Annar m\u00f6guleiki er s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja efahyggjuna - en vi\u00f0 l\u00e1tum hann liggja milli hluta h\u00e9r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deessum \u00feremur m\u00f6guleikum hefur \u00f6llum veri\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 fram af \u00fdmsum heimspekingum (d\u00e6mi um heimspekinga \u00far greinasafninu):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>R\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur sem fer \u00ed hring: <em>samkv\u00e6mnishyggja<\/em> (e. coherentism). T.d. Sellars.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur sem heldur \u00e1fram endalaust: <em>\u00f3endanleikahygga\u00a0 <\/em>(e. infinitism). T.d. Klein.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur sem stoppar \u00ed undirst\u00f6\u00f0um: <em>bjarghyggja<\/em> (e. foundationalism). T.d. Chisholm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 lesum eftirfarandi texta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roderick M. Chisholm \u201eThe Myth of the Given<em>\u201c, <\/em>Laurence BonJour \u201eCan Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?\u201c, Susan Haack \u201eA Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification.\u201c<\/li>\n<li>Nagel \u201eRationalism and empiricism.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cdtarefni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/justep-foundational\/\">Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification (SEP)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/justep-coherence\/\">Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification (SEP)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessum hluta munum vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega sko\u00f0a tilraunir til a\u00f0 stoppa ke\u00f0juna, \u00fe.e. til a\u00f0 finna einhvern grunn sem \u00fearf ekki a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja frekar. Vi\u00f0 munum greina kenningu Chisholm um a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 gefi\u00f0 \u00ed reynslu sem vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum ekki a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja (e\u00f0a sem r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ur sig sj\u00e1lft - sem er nokkurn veginn \u00fea\u00f0 sama skv. Chisholm). Einnig lesum vi\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdnir Laurence BonJour \u00e1 kenningar um grundv\u00f6ll af \u00feessu tagi og a\u00f0 lokum kenningu Susan Haack sem blandar saman bjarghyggju og samkv\u00e6mnishyggju \u00ed kenningu sinni um <em>bjargkv\u00e6mnishyggju<\/em> (tilb\u00fai\u00f0 or\u00f0 - endilega koma me\u00f0 betri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1 <em>foundherentism<\/em>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einn beittasti gagnr\u00fdnandi hugmyndarinnar um \u201ehi\u00f0 gefna\u201c \u00ed reynslu (h\u00f6fundur hugtaksins \u201eGo\u00f0s\u00f6gnin um hi\u00f0 gefna\u201c), og einn merkasti heimspekingur 20. aldar, er amer\u00edski heimspekingurinn Wilfrid Sellars. \u00deeir sem vilja kynna s\u00e9r Sellars og heimspeki hans geta byrja\u00f0 \u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2012\/entries\/sellars\/\">greininni um hann<\/a> \u00ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (sj\u00e1 s\u00e9rstaklega 4. hluta).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Roderick M. Chisholm \u201eThe Myth of the Given\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessum texta f\u00e6rir Chisholm r\u00f6k fyrir \u201ehinu gefna\u201c. Hann greinir kenninguna um hi\u00f0 gefna \u00e1 eftirfarandi h\u00e1tt (\u00fear sem A er formleg, B er efnisleg og C er neikv\u00e6\u00f0):<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha\">\n<li>S\u00e9rhver fullyr\u00f0ing sem vi\u00f0 getum r\u00f6kstutt a\u00f0 hafa \u00feekkingu \u00e1 er a\u00f0 hluta til r\u00f6kstudd af fullyr\u00f0ingum sem r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja sj\u00e1lfar sig (e\u00f0a \u00feurfa engan r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning).<\/li>\n<li>Til eru fullyr\u00f0ingar um s\u00fdndir sem r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja sj\u00e1lfar sig \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt (e\u00f0a \u00feurfa engan r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning).<\/li>\n<li>Engar fullyr\u00f0ingar r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja sj\u00e1lfar sig \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera um s\u00fdndir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hann hafnar C en f\u00e6rir r\u00f6k fyrir A og B.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Laurence BonJour \u201eCan Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Meginverkefni\u00f0 \u00ed grein BonJour er a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra r\u00f6k gegn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 <em>grunnsko\u00f0anir<\/em> (e. basic beliefs) s\u00e9u m\u00f6gulegar - \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 til s\u00e9u sko\u00f0anir sem ekki \u00fearfnast r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings til a\u00f0 virka sem r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur fyrir a\u00f0rar sko\u00f0anir.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00f6kf\u00e6rsla bjarghyggjunnar er eitthva\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessa lei\u00f0:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sko\u00f0un <em>B<\/em> hefur einkenni\u00f0 <em>\u03c6<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Sko\u00f0un me\u00f0 einkenni\u00f0 <em>\u03c6<\/em> er l\u00edklega s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deannig a\u00f0 \u2013 sko\u00f0un <em>B<\/em> er l\u00edklega s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>BonJour telur r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning af \u00feessu tagi nau\u00f0synlegan til a\u00f0 einhver sko\u00f0un geti talist grunnsko\u00f0un. En \u00fear sem grunnsko\u00f0un \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 \u00fearfnast r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings fellir \u00feessi - nau\u00f0synlegi - r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningar allar tilraunir til a\u00f0 finna grunnsko\u00f0anir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Susan Haack \u201eA Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Haack gerir tilraun til a\u00f0 blanda saman bjarghyggju og samr\u00e6mishyggju \u00ed kenningu sem h\u00fan kallar bjargr\u00e6mishyggju (e. foundherentism). Kenningin byggir annars vegar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed inns\u00e6i a\u00f0 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sko\u00f0un s\u00e9 s\u00f6nn s\u00e9 alltaf \u00ed formi annarra sko\u00f0ana og r\u00f6klegra tengsla \u00feeirra (samr\u00e6mishyggja). H\u00fan byggir hins vegar l\u00edka \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed inns\u00e6i a\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 reynslu hafi a\u00f0ra st\u00f6\u00f0u en sko\u00f0anir sem eru bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00e1lyktunum (bjarghyggja).<\/p>\n<p>Einf\u00f6ld \u00e1lyktun um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 rigning g\u00e6ti byggt \u00e1 eftirfarandi forsendum:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u201eMamma sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 myndi rigna.\u201c<\/li>\n<li>\u201e\u00dearna kemur blaut manneskja gangandi.\u201c<\/li>\n<li>\u201e\u00c9g hef snertireynslu af \u00fev\u00ed tagi sem undir venjulegum kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um orsakast af vatnsdropa \u00e1 andlitinu.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Forsendur 1 og 2 \u00fearfnast sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0s r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings en forsendu 3 er ekki n\u00e1nar h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan l\u00fdsir einfaldlega reynslu manns.<\/p>\n<p>Um Susan Haack m\u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0ast <a href=\"http:\/\/www.law.miami.edu\/faculty\/susan-haack\">h\u00e9r<\/a>. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2015 birti h\u00fan mj\u00f6g \u00e1hugaver\u00f0a grein um \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u201e\u00deekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i: Til hvers?\u201c, sem m\u00e1 n\u00e1lgast <a href=\"http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712479\">h\u00e9r<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vilt \u00fe\u00fa \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 augu m\u00edn rengi s\u00edna sj\u00f3n? Kr\u00eds\u00f3temis \u00ed Elektru S\u00f3f\u00f3klesar, l\u00ednu 923 (\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0. Helgi H\u00e1lfdanarson) \u00c9g tel mig vita a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0ni Th. s\u00e9 forseti \u00cdslands. En hvernig veit \u00e9g \u00feetta (hvernig get \u00e9g r\u00f6kstutt a\u00f0 \u00e9g veit &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/ii-uppbygging-thekkingar-og-rokstudnings\/\">Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":0,"parent":811,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-868","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/414"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=868"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1403,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/868\/revisions\/1403"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}