{"id":884,"date":"2016-09-14T12:42:12","date_gmt":"2016-09-14T12:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/?page_id=884"},"modified":"2017-09-13T00:43:28","modified_gmt":"2017-09-13T00:43:28","slug":"iii-skilgreining-thekkingar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/iii-skilgreining-thekkingar\/","title":{"rendered":"III: Skilgreining \u00feekkingar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Gu\u00f0ni Th. hefur veri\u00f0 myrtur en forsetaritari, af \u00f3tta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in kj\u00f3si rangt \u00ed n\u00e6stu Al\u00feingiskosningum \u00ed t\u00f3mu \u00f3\u00f0agoti, \u00e1kve\u00f0ur a\u00f0 fela \u00feessa sta\u00f0reynd og f\u00e6r fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la \u00ed li\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. \u00deeir flytja fr\u00e9ttir um a\u00f0 hundur Gu\u00f0na hafi veri\u00f0 drepinn af \u00f3\u00f0um og \u00fat\u00fard\u00f3pu\u00f0um n\u00e1granna. Eir\u00edkur J\u00f3nsson, bla\u00f0ama\u00f0ur, er \u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um og s\u00e9r mann myr\u00f0a Gu\u00f0na Th. Hann flytur fr\u00e9ttir af \u00feessu \u00e1 vefmi\u00f0li s\u00ednum \u00e1\u00f0ur en a\u00f0rir mi\u00f0lar birta fr\u00e9ttir af hundamor\u00f0inu. \u00deorl\u00e1kur Bj\u00f6rnsson les bara vefmi\u00f0il Eir\u00edks J\u00f3nssonar \u00feennan dag og veit ekkert um a\u00f0rar fr\u00e9ttir. Veit \u00deorl\u00e1kur a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0ni Th. var myrtur?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Hef\u00f0bundin skilgreining \u00feekkingar er: <em>s\u00f6nn r\u00f6kstudd sko\u00f0un<\/em>. \u00deessi skilgreining kemur fr\u00e1 Platoni (\u00ed <em>\u00dee\u00e6tetosi<\/em>), sem segir a\u00f0 \u00feekking s\u00e9 s\u00f6nn sko\u00f0un me\u00f0 <em>logos<\/em> (\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2). Edmund Gettier \u00f6gra\u00f0i \u00feessari skilgreiningu \u00ed stuttri grein sem kom \u00fat fyrir r\u00famlega h\u00e1lfri \u00f6ld. Eftir \u00fea\u00f0 hafa \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar keppst vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 bjarga skilgreiningunni e\u00f0a finna a\u00f0ra lei\u00f0 til a\u00f0 greina \u00feekkingu.<\/p>\n<p>Til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 yfirlit yfir vandann vi\u00f0 skilgreingu \u00feekkingar sj\u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/knowledge-analysis\/#GetPro\">grein \u00e1 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/a>. H\u00e9r er fjalla\u00f0 um klass\u00edsku skilyr\u00f0in \u00ferj\u00fa fyrir \u00feekkingu (sannleikur, sko\u00f0un og r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur), um Gettiervandann og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 honum.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00feessum hluta lesum vi\u00f0 eftirfarandi texta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Edmund Gettier \u201eIs Justified True Belief Knowledge?\u201c, Gilbert Harman \u201e<em>Thought<\/em>, Selections\u201c Linda Zagzebski \u201eThe Inescapability of Gettier Problems\u201c.<\/li>\n<li>Nagel \u201eThe analysis of knowledge.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cdtarefni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/knowledge-analysis\/\">Analysis of Knowledge (SEP)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Anna\u00f0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gettier_problem\">Gettier Problem (W)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Edmund Gettier \u201eIs Justified True Belief Knowledge?\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gettir l\u00fdsir fj\u00f3rum d\u00e6mum \u00fear sem skilyr\u00f0in \u00ferj\u00fa fyrir \u00feekkingu eru uppfyllt (sannleikur, sko\u00f0un og r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur) \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 e\u00f0lilegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 tala um \u00feekkingu.\u00a0 \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 hafa m\u00fdm\u00f6rg <em>Gettierd\u00e6mi<\/em> veri\u00f0 b\u00fain til. Hef\u00f0bundin Gettierd\u00e6mi eru \u00ed eftirfarandi formi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ma\u00f0ur hefur vel r\u00f6kstudda en falska sko\u00f0un, <em>s<\/em>. Af <em>s<\/em> lei\u00f0ir ma\u00f0ur <em>t<\/em>. Svo vill til a\u00f0 <em>t<\/em> er s\u00f6nn sko\u00f0un. Ma\u00f0ur hefur \u00feannig vel r\u00f6kstudda sanna sko\u00f0un \u2013 en inns\u00e6i\u00f0 segir okkur a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 ekki d\u00e6mi um \u00feekkingu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sagan sk\u00e1letra\u00f0a h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan er ein \u00fatg\u00e1fa af Gettierd\u00e6mi (byggt \u00e1 Harman) - sem er \u00fe\u00f3 annars e\u00f0lis en s\u00f6gur \u00ed hef\u00f0bundnu formi \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed d\u00e6minu koma \u00f3sannar sko\u00f0anir hvergi vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gilbert Harman \u201e<em>Thought<\/em>, Selections\u201c\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gilbert Harman reynir a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta Gettierd\u00e6munum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta fj\u00f3r\u00f0a skilyr\u00f0inu vi\u00f0: \u00feekking er s\u00f6nn r\u00f6kstudd sko\u00f0un PL\u00daS eftirfarandi skilyr\u00f0i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>f<\/em> er ekki leidd af annarri sko\u00f0un sem er \u00f3s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Harman kannar \u00feetta skilyr\u00f0i n\u00e1nar og reynir a\u00f0 styrkja \u00fea\u00f0 enn frekar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Linda Zagzebski \u201eThe Inescapability of Gettier Problems\u201c<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Linda Zagzebski telur allar tilraunir til a\u00f0 skilgreina \u00feekkingu sem sanna sko\u00f0un PL\u00daS X (\u00fear sem X stendur fyrir r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning, orsakasamband e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0) veikar fyrir Gettierd\u00e6mum ef \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00e1 anna\u00f0 bor\u00f0 einhver munur \u00e1 r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningi og sannleika. H\u00fan telur okkur \u00feurfa a\u00f0 lifa me\u00f0 \u00feessari ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u og s\u00e6tta okkur vi\u00f0 heppni sem hluta af \u00feekkingu.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 skulum enda \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru Gettierd\u00e6mi (byggt \u00e1 Harman):<\/p>\n<p><em>Eva L\u00edn, \u00f6ryggisv\u00f6r\u00f0ur, s\u00e9r Gu\u00f0r\u00fanu stinga frosnum fiski inn \u00e1 sig og ganga \u00fat \u00far Kr\u00f3nunni. H\u00fan eltir hana og s\u00e9r hana taka fiskinn undan f\u00f6tunum og stinga \u00ed poka. Eva L\u00edn fer til yfirmanns Gu\u00f0r\u00fanar, \u00deorl\u00e1ks, og segir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0r\u00fan hafi stoli\u00f0 fiski. H\u00fan er viss um \u00feetta. \u00c1n \u00feess a\u00f0 Eva viti af \u00fev\u00ed segir besti vinur Gu\u00f0r\u00fanar, \u00c1g\u00fast Heimir, yfirmanni Gu\u00f0r\u00fanar fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed seinna um daginn a\u00f0 tv\u00edburi Gu\u00f0r\u00fanar hafi veri\u00f0 \u00ed Kr\u00f3nunni en Gu\u00f0r\u00fan s\u00e9 hins vegar \u00e1 Nor\u00f0urfir\u00f0i. Hann b\u00e6tir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tv\u00edburi Gu\u00f0r\u00fanar s\u00e9 haldin stels\u00fdki. Sta\u00f0reyndin er hins vegar s\u00fa a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0r\u00fan var \u00ed b\u00e6num og h\u00fan stal fiskinum. \u00c1g\u00fast Heimir var a\u00f0 lj\u00faga. Yfirma\u00f0urinn veit a\u00f0 \u00c1g\u00fast Heimir er stj\u00f3rnlaus lygari og tekur ekkert mark \u00e1 honum. Veit Eva L\u00edn a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0r\u00fan stal fiskinum?<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gu\u00f0ni Th. hefur veri\u00f0 myrtur en forsetaritari, af \u00f3tta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in kj\u00f3si rangt \u00ed n\u00e6stu Al\u00feingiskosningum \u00ed t\u00f3mu \u00f3\u00f0agoti, \u00e1kve\u00f0ur a\u00f0 fela \u00feessa sta\u00f0reynd og f\u00e6r fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la \u00ed li\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. \u00deeir flytja fr\u00e9ttir um a\u00f0 hundur Gu\u00f0na hafi &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/iii-skilgreining-thekkingar\/\">Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":0,"parent":811,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-884","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/884","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/414"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=884"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/884\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1405,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/884\/revisions\/1405"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=884"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}