{"id":909,"date":"2016-09-20T19:46:32","date_gmt":"2016-09-20T19:46:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/?page_id=909"},"modified":"2017-09-22T07:31:49","modified_gmt":"2017-09-22T07:31:49","slug":"iv-thekkingarfraedileg-lokun","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/iv-thekkingarfraedileg-lokun\/","title":{"rendered":"IV: \u00deekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg lokun"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Athugi\u00f0 eftirfarandi (gildu) r\u00f6kf\u00e6rslu (fr\u00e1 Moore, sj\u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2016\/thekkingarfraedi-i-inngangur-og-efahyggja\/\">h\u00e9r<\/a>):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 hl\u00fdt \u00e9g a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deess vegna \u2013 \u00e9g hl\u00fdt a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>N\u00fa segir efahyggjuf\u00f3lki\u00f0: \u00de\u00fa veist ekki a\u00f0 \u00feig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma. Fyrir \u00feessu m\u00e1 f\u00e6ra alls kyns og mj\u00f6g \u00f6flug r\u00f6k. \u00datg\u00e1fa efafyggjunnar v\u00e6ri svona:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 hl\u00fdt \u00e9g a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g veit ekki a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma.<\/li>\n<li>\u00deess vegna - \u00e9g veit ekki a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hvernig veljum vi\u00f0 \u00e1 milli? \u00deurfum vi\u00f0 yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 a\u00f0 velja \u00e1 milli? Ein lei\u00f0 til a\u00f0 gl\u00edma vi\u00f0 \u00feetta vandam\u00e1l er \u00fat fr\u00e1 kenningunni um <em>\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun<\/em> (e. epistemic closure). Kenningin segir a\u00f0 ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> og ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em> er fali\u00f0 \u00ed <em>f <\/em>(\u00fe.e. ef <em>f<\/em> \u00fe\u00e1 <em>g<\/em>), \u00fe\u00e1 veit \u00e9g l\u00edka a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em>. \u00deessi kenning hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 mat \u00e1 r\u00f6kunum h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan \u00fev\u00ed ef vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fnum kenningunni um \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun \u00fe\u00e1 getum vi\u00f0 sam\u00feykkt eftirfarandi lei\u00f0 \u00fat \u00far efahyggjunni:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 hl\u00fdt \u00e9g a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g veit ekki a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Til a\u00f0 geta s\u00e6tt okkur vi\u00f0 \u00feessar \u00ferj\u00e1r fullyr\u00f0ingar saman \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00f6gnin \u201e\u00e9g veit\u201c (sem t\u00e6knilega m\u00e1 kalla <em>virki<\/em>, \u00e1 ensku <em>operator<\/em>) flyst ekki fr\u00e1 1 til 3. Fyrir \u00feessu \u00fearf g\u00f3\u00f0 r\u00f6k \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00f6fnum vi\u00f0 eftirfarandi: ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> og ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em> er fali\u00f0 \u00ed <em>f <\/em>(\u00fe.e. ef <em>f<\/em> \u00fe\u00e1 <em>g<\/em>), \u00fe\u00e1 veit \u00e9g l\u00edka a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em> - \u00fe.e. vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fnum kenningunni um \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 lesum eftirfarandi texta \u00ed \u00feessum hluta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fred Dredske \u201eEpistemic Operators\u201c, Gail Stine \u201eSkepticism, Relevant Alternatives, and Deductive Closure\u201c og Jonathan Vogel \u201eAre There Counterexamples to the Closure Principle?\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cdtarefni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/closure-epistemic\/\">Epistemic Closure (SEP)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Fred Dredske \u201eEpistemic Operators\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dretske hafnar <em>\u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri lokun<\/em> (e. epistemic closure) til a\u00f0 verjast efahyggjunni. Lokun \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um a\u00f0 ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> og \u00e9g veit l\u00edka a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em> felur \u00ed s\u00e9r <em>g<\/em> \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0ir af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00c9g veit a\u00f0 <em>f<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g veit a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em> lei\u00f0ir af <em>f<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g veit a\u00f0 <em>g<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Dretske hafnar \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u201e\u00e9g veit\u201c <em>smj\u00fagi alltaf \u00ed gegnum<\/em> (e. penetrate) aflei\u00f0sluna og hann kemur me\u00f0 \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi m\u00e1li s\u00ednu til stu\u00f0nings. Hann leggur til kenningu sem byggir \u00e1 <em>vi\u00f0eigandi valkostum<\/em> (e. relevant alternatives). \u00deegar \u00e9g segist, vi\u00f0 venjulegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, vita a\u00f0 \u00e9g hafi tv\u00e6r hendur \u00fe\u00e1 er valkosturinn <em>\u00e9g g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 heili \u00ed krukku<\/em> ekki vi\u00f0eigandi og kemur \u00fev\u00ed ekki upp. \u00c9g veit \u00feess vegna a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef tv\u00e6r hendur. En ef \u00e9g er \u00ed t\u00edma \u00ed Inngangi a\u00f0 \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 er valkosturinn \u2013 \u00e9g g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 heili \u00ed krukku \u2013 vi\u00f0eigandi og \u00e9g \u00fearf a\u00f0 geta svara\u00f0 honum. \u00deessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur eru \u00fe\u00f3 frekar \u00f3venjulegar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gail Stine \u201eSkepticism, Relevant Alternatives, and Deductive Closure\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Stine heldur \u00ed kenningu Dretske um vi\u00f0eigandi valkosti en vill halda \u00ed \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er s\u00fa a\u00f0 h\u00fan telur Dretske \u00ed raun gefast upp fyrir efahyggjunni. Ef upp koma a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00fear sem kenning um heila \u00ed krukku v\u00e6ri vi\u00f0eigandi valkostur, t.d. \u00ed inngangi a\u00f0 \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fe\u00e1 hefur Dretske ekkert svar - segir Stine. H\u00fan telur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0um a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa hitt horni\u00f0 og segja: Ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef tv\u00e6r hendur \u00fe\u00e1 veit \u00e9g l\u00edka a\u00f0 \u00e9g er ekki heili \u00ed krukku (skv. Dretske getum vi\u00f0 vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum tv\u00e6r hendur \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00e9um ekki heili \u00ed krukku).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jonathan Vogel \u201eAre There Counterexamples to the Closure Principle?\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u00edkt og Stine vill Vogel halda \u00ed \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun. Hann telur d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um sebrahestana ekki sannf\u00e6randi \u00fev\u00ed undir e\u00f0lilegum kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um byggjum vi\u00f0 mat okkar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvort d\u00fdr \u00ed d\u00fdragar\u00f0i s\u00e9u sebrahestar e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1um \u00e1samt fj\u00f6lda annarra bakgrunnsuppl\u00fdsinga. Hins vegar telur hann svokalla\u00f0ar lott\u00f3fullyr\u00f0ingar, sem eru \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum sannar \u00fe\u00e1 geti \u00fe\u00e6r allt eins veri\u00f0 \u00f3sannar, st\u00e6rra vandam\u00e1l fyrir \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega lokun. Vandinn felst \u00ed eftirfarandi:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gefum okkur sem forsendu eitthva\u00f0 sem er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 tr\u00faa og taka sem d\u00e6mi um hversdagslega \u00feekkingu (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">fullyr\u00f0ing nr. 1<\/span>: \u201e\u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur t\u00edmi \u00ed Inngangi a\u00f0 \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 m\u00e1nudag\u201c). \u00c1 sama t\u00edma ver\u00f0um vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eru einhverjar (mj\u00f6g litlar samt!) l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 \u00f3satt.<\/li>\n<li>Vi\u00f0 \u00edmyndum okkur n\u00fa a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem gera fullyr\u00f0inguna (\u201e\u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur t\u00edmi \u00ed Inngangi a\u00f0 \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 m\u00e1nudag\u201c) \u00f3sanna. \u00deetta er lott\u00f3d\u00e6mi (t.d. \u00fea\u00f0 br\u00fdst \u00fat eldgos \u00e1 Reykjanesskaga \u00e1 m\u00e1nudag og t\u00edmi fellur ni\u00f0ur). T\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feetta gerist eru mj\u00f6g litlar en samt einhverjar og vi\u00f0 getum ekki me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u m\u00f3ti \u00fatiloka\u00f0 \u00feennan m\u00f6guleika (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">fullyr\u00f0ing nr. 2<\/span>: \u201e\u00fea\u00f0 br\u00fdst ekki \u00fat eldgos \u00e1 Reykjanesskaga \u00e1 m\u00e1nudaginn.\u201c).<\/li>\n<li>\u00deekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg lokun krefst \u00feess \u00ed svona tilfelli a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fnum anna\u00f0 hvort a\u00f0 vita fullyr\u00f0ingu nr. 1 e\u00f0a fullyr\u00f0ingu nr. 2.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Lott\u00f3fullyr\u00f0ingar uppfylla, skv. Vogel, eftirfarandi skilyr\u00f0i:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00de\u00f3 lott\u00f3fullyr\u00f0ing s\u00e9 a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum s\u00f6nn \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri ekkert \u00f3e\u00f0lilegt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fan v\u00e6ri \u00f3s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dea\u00f0 eru einhverjar t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 lott\u00f3fullyr\u00f0ing geti veri\u00f0 \u00f3s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<li>Lott\u00f3fullyr\u00f0ingar eru st\u00f6k \u00ed mengi fullyr\u00f0inga sem eiga eftirfarandi sameiginlegt:\n<ol>\n<li>\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1l\u00edka l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 s\u00e9rhver fullyr\u00f0ing \u00ed menginu s\u00e9 s\u00f6nn.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri handah\u00f3fskennt a\u00f0 taka eina fullyr\u00f0ingu fram yfir a\u00f0ra.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dea\u00f0 getur ekki \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja allar fullyr\u00f0ingarnar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Dretkse, Stine og Vogel hafa s\u00ed\u00f0an hvert s\u00edna \u00fatg\u00e1funa af \u00fev\u00ed hvernig vi\u00f0 t\u00f6kum \u00e1 m\u00fal\u00f6snum sem hafa veri\u00f0 m\u00e1la\u00f0ir eins og sebrahestar.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/files\/2016\/09\/Zebraasnar.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-924\" src=\"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/files\/2016\/09\/Zebraasnar-300x186.png\" alt=\"zebraasnar\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/files\/2016\/09\/Zebraasnar-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/files\/2016\/09\/Zebraasnar.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Athugi\u00f0 eftirfarandi (gildu) r\u00f6kf\u00e6rslu (fr\u00e1 Moore, sj\u00e1 h\u00e9r): Ef \u00e9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 hl\u00fdt \u00e9g a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 mig er ekki a\u00f0 dreyma. \u00c9g veit a\u00f0 \u00e9g stend h\u00e9r. \u00deess vegna \u2013 \u00e9g hl\u00fdt a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/kennsla\/inngangur-ad-thekkingarfraedi\/kennsluaaetlun-2017\/iv-thekkingarfraedileg-lokun\/\">Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":0,"parent":811,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-909","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/414"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=909"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1414,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/909\/revisions\/1414"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}