{"id":645,"date":"2015-03-05T16:12:04","date_gmt":"2015-03-05T16:12:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/?p=645"},"modified":"2015-03-10T13:33:52","modified_gmt":"2015-03-10T13:33:52","slug":"um-nyja-sogu-hugvisinda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/2015\/03\/05\/um-nyja-sogu-hugvisinda\/","title":{"rendered":"Um N\u00fdja s\u00f6gu hugv\u00edsinda*"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hugv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0<\/a> er eitt af fimm svi\u00f0um H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Svi\u00f0inu er skipt upp \u00ed fj\u00f3rar deildir sem skiptast aftur upp \u00ed n\u00e1msbrautir. Innan n\u00e1msbrauta eru kennd m\u00f6rg f\u00f6g. \u00deeir sem nema og starfa innan Hugv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s kenna sig almennt ekki vi\u00f0 svi\u00f0i\u00f0 heldur vi\u00f0 n\u00e1msbraut e\u00f0a deild. F\u00f3lk er \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i, gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00edslensku, norsku e\u00f0a einhverju \u00f6\u00f0ru fagi en ekki \u00ed hugv\u00edsindum. Sama gildir um \u00f6nnur svi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans. F\u00f3lk er ekki \u00ed heilbrig\u00f0isv\u00edsindum heldur \u00ed \"NewHistoryHumanities\"l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a lyfjafr\u00e6\u00f0i. Enginn kennir sig vi\u00f0 verk- og n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindi heldur vi\u00f0 jar\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a eittha\u00f0 anna\u00f0 fag. \u00deegar skipulag h\u00e1sk\u00f3la annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed heiminum er sko\u00f0a\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur myndin enn \u00f3lj\u00f3sari \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 sem telst til hugv\u00edsinda \u00e1 \u00cdslandi gerir \u00fea\u00f0 ekki alltaf annars sta\u00f0ar. Fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0i er t.d. alls ekki alltaf hluti af hugv\u00edsindum \u00ed skipulagi h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Mannfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem tilheyra f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, eru hins vegar oft hluti hugv\u00edsinda og s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem vi\u00f0 H\u00cd er innan Heilbrig\u00f0isv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s en var \u00e1\u00f0ur hluti af F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0i, er sums sta\u00f0ar me\u00f0al hugv\u00edsinda. Gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i er sjaldnast hluti af hugv\u00edsindum, eins og tilfelli\u00f0 er \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. M\u00f6rkin milli hugv\u00edsinda og annarra fagsvi\u00f0a eru \u00fev\u00ed alls ekki auglj\u00f3s e\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfgefin. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki bara \u00ed skipulagi h\u00e1sk\u00f3la sem \u201ehugv\u00edsindi\u201c eru notu\u00f0 til afm\u00f6rkunar heldur l\u00edka hj\u00e1 ranns\u00f3knar\u00e1\u00f0um (Ranns\u00f3knasj\u00f3\u00f0ur hj\u00e1 Rann\u00eds er t.d. me\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakt fagr\u00e1\u00f0<\/a> fyrir hugv\u00edsindi) og v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim eru\u00a0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar ranns\u00f3kna\u00e1\u00e6tlanir og stofnanir fyrir hugv\u00edsindi. \u00c1 \u00cdslandi er Stofnun \u00c1rna Magn\u00fassonar \u00ed \u00edslenskum fr\u00e6\u00f0um<\/a>, \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0minjasafni\u00f0<\/a>, Reykjav\u00edkurakadem\u00edan<\/a> og fleiri. \u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum\u00a0National Endowment for the Humanities<\/a>. \u00cd tengslum vi\u00f0 Sj\u00f3narr\u00f6nd 2020 (Horizon 2020), ramma\u00e1\u00e6tlun ESB um ranns\u00f3knir og n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun, er reki\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knanet \u00ed hugv\u00edsindum kalla\u00f0\u00a0HERA<\/a>. \u00cd m\u00f6rgum l\u00f6ndum eru s\u00e9rst\u00f6k ranns\u00f3knar\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir hugv\u00edsindi. \u201eHugv\u00edsindi\u201c skipta\u00a0\u00fev\u00ed talsver\u00f0u m\u00e1li fyrir skipulag ranns\u00f3kna og kennslu en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki auglj\u00f3st hver kjarnann \u00ed merkingu hugtaksins\u00a0er e\u00f0a hvort \u00fea\u00f0 eigi s\u00e9r yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 einhvern kjarna. \u00cd n\u00fdlegri b\u00f3k um gildi hugv\u00edsinda skilgreinir Helen Small \u00feau svo: \u201eThe humanities study the meaning-making practices of human culture, past and present, focusing on interpretation and critical evaluation, primarily in terms of the individual response and with an ineliminable element of subjectivity.\u201c[1] H\u00fan vi\u00f0urkennir a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 mj\u00f6g almenn skilgreining en telur allar tilraunir til a\u00f0 skilgreina \u00feau n\u00e1nar \u00fatiloka eina e\u00f0a fleiri greinar hugv\u00edsindanna. Almennari skilgreining, eins og a\u00f0 hugv\u00edsindi \u201erannsaki tj\u00e1ningu mannshugans\u201c, hleypir hins vegar of miklu inn, t.d. st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i (sem er \u00feekkt umd\u00e6misvandam\u00e1l fyrir skilgreiningu \u00e1 hugv\u00edsindum).<\/p>\n

\u00cd einhverjum skilningi hafa hugv\u00edsindi alltaf veri\u00f0 til en \u201ehugv\u00edsindi\u201c sem afmarka\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6ri sem vi\u00f0 getum kalla\u00f0 \u00feessu nafni eru n\u00fdleg. Elsta skr\u00e1\u00f0a notkun or\u00f0sins \u00ed ritm\u00e1lssafni Or\u00f0ab\u00f3kar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans<\/a> er fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed upp \u00far mi\u00f0ri 20. \u00f6ld. \u00cdslenska or\u00f0i\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist tilkomi\u00f0 sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 humaniora<\/em> e\u00f0a humanities<\/em>, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u einmitt n\u00fdlega veri\u00f0 tekin upp sem n\u00f6fn \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 \u00ed dag flokkum undir hatti hugv\u00edsinda \u00ed h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum og ranns\u00f3knastofnunum.[2] \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld var \u00fe\u00fdska or\u00f0i\u00f0 Geisteswissenschaft<\/em>\u00a0nota\u00f0 \u00e1 svipa\u00f0an h\u00e1tt [3] og \u00ed Englandi og Skotlandi voru moral sciences<\/em> og moral philosophy<\/em> samb\u00e6rileg safnheiti fr\u00e1 18. \u00f6ld og \u00e1fram. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 rekja \u00feessa s\u00f6gu lengra aftur og sko\u00f0a skipulag h\u00e1sk\u00f3la aftur til mi\u00f0alda og hvernig \u00feekkingin var flokku\u00f0 eftir e\u00f0li og a\u00f0fer\u00f0um og jafnvel allt aftur til fornaldar, til Arist\u00f3telesar og flokkunar\u00e1r\u00e1ttu hans.[4] En \u00fea\u00f0 er erfitt a\u00f0 finna hugv\u00edsindin<\/em> \u00ed \u00feessari s\u00f6gu. Heimspeki, gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i, m\u00e1lv\u00edsindi og \u00fdmislegt fleira er til en ekki hugv\u00edsindi. Um mi\u00f0ja 20. \u00f6ld eru n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00edsindi af \u00fdmsu tagi hins vegar a\u00f0 ry\u00f0ja s\u00e9r til r\u00fams innan h\u00e1sk\u00f3la, e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in ver\u00f0ur drottning v\u00edsindanna og \u201ehugv\u00edsindin\u201c skilgreina sig \u00ed v\u00f6rn og andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 innrei\u00f0 \u00feeirra.[5]<\/p>\n

Ef vi\u00f0 beinum sj\u00f3num a\u00f0 vi\u00f0fangsefnum hugv\u00edsinda \u00fe\u00e1 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00a0\u00feau eiga s\u00e9r langa s\u00f6gu. Ma\u00f0urinn hefur lengi fengist vi\u00f0 fort\u00ed\u00f0 s\u00edna, b\u00f3kmenntir, t\u00f3nlist, tungum\u00e1l og fleira sem hugv\u00edsindin f\u00e1st vi\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e6tti jafnvel halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 hugv\u00edsindin v\u00e6ru hin upprunalegu v\u00edsindi (\u00fe.e. heimspekin, ein af greinum hugv\u00edsindanna) og a\u00f0 \u00f6ll \u00f6nnur v\u00edsindi og fr\u00e6\u00f0i hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 til sem angar hugv\u00edsinda sem sm\u00e1m saman \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dar heimspekilegum vangaveltum um uppruna og e\u00f0li heimsins var\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in til. \u00dar samb\u00e6rilegum p\u00e6lingum um e\u00f0li talna var\u00f0 st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0in til. O.s.frv. \u00deessi saga er vissulega falleg en h\u00fan hlj\u00f3mar meira eins og \u00e6vint\u00fdri en alv\u00f6ru greining. \u00deegar \u00deales (e\u00f0a Hes\u00edodos e\u00f0a einhver annar) h\u00f3f a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r uppruna og e\u00f0li heimsins \u00fe\u00e1 var ekkert til sem h\u00e9t hugv\u00edsindi e\u00f0a heimspeki e\u00f0a e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1 alveg eins halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 hugv\u00edsindin hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00far e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i eins og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in \u00far heimspeki. \u00deetta er innihaldsl\u00edtill leikur a\u00f0 or\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

Er \u00fe\u00e1 einhver lei\u00f0 a\u00f0 skrifa s\u00f6gu hugv\u00edsinda? Rens Bod gerir tilraun til a\u00f0 segja s\u00f6gu hugv\u00edsinda fr\u00e1 upphafi skrifmenningar \u00fat fr\u00e1 skilgreiningu \u00e1 e\u00f0li hugv\u00edsinda frekar en \u00feeim hugt\u00f6kum og skilgreiningum sem f\u00f3lk hefur nota\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum aldirnar.[6] \u00deetta er hetjuleg tilraun - sagan spannar allan heiminn \u00ed n\u00e6stum 3000 \u00e1r. Bod vill ekki n\u00e1lgast hugv\u00edsindin sem hugl\u00e6gt fyrirb\u00e6ri me\u00f0 skilning mannsins \u00e1 eigin merkingarb\u00e6ru verkum sem meginvi\u00f0fangsefni (sbr. skilgreining Small h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan). Hann n\u00e1lgast hugv\u00edsindin \u00ed sta\u00f0inn \u00e1 emp\u00edr\u00edskan h\u00e1tt og l\u00edtur \u00e1 \u00feau sem a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 finna reglu og mynstur \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sem ma\u00f0urinn gerir. Kjarni hugv\u00edsinda er ekki skilningur mannsins heldur verkin sem hann l\u00e6tur eftir sig. Til a\u00f0 finna reglu og mynstur beita hugv\u00edsindin, skv. Bod, \u00e1kve\u00f0num a\u00f0fer\u00f0um (e\u00f0a forsendum). \u00dea\u00f0 sem bindur hugv\u00edsindi allra t\u00edma og allra sta\u00f0a saman er leit a\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0um og mynstrum \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sem ma\u00f0urinn gerir og hefur gert (\u201e ... the quest for principles and patterns in the humanities is a continuous tradition.\u201c bls. 7). Hann l\u00fdsir markmi\u00f0i b\u00f3karinnar svo: \u201eThus as a whole, this book is about the history of the methodological principles that have been developed and the patterns that have been found in the study of humanistic material (texts, languages, literature, music, art, theatre, and the past) with these principles.\u201c (bls. 9; sj\u00e1 l\u00edka bls. 353).<\/p>\n

Til a\u00f0 skilja hva\u00f0 Bod \u00e1 vi\u00f0 er \u00e1g\u00e6tt a\u00f0 taka d\u00e6mi. Kafli 2.2 fjallar um s\u00f6guritun \u00ed forn\u00f6ld og \u00fear tekur hann Her\u00f3d\u00f3tos og \u00de\u00fak\u00fdd\u00eddes fyrir sem upphafsmenn s\u00f6gunnar. \u00deeir voru \u00f3l\u00edkir en \u00e1ttu sameiginlegt a\u00f0 beita a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem s\u00fdndu fram \u00e1 mynstur \u00ed vi\u00f0fangsefninu. A\u00f0fer\u00f0 Her\u00f3d\u00f3tosar var a\u00f0 treysta l\u00edklegustu heimildinni (\u201e ... the most probable source principle\u201c - bls. 22) en a\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00de\u00fak\u00fdd\u00eddesar var a\u00f0 notast bara vi\u00f0 sj\u00f3narvotta - sig sj\u00e1lfan e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra (\u201e ... the eywitness account principle\u201c - sama s\u00ed\u00f0a). B\u00e1\u00f0ir komust a\u00f0 s\u00f6mu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u um mynstur \u00ed vi\u00f0fangsefninu, \u00fe.e. s\u00f6gunni sj\u00e1lfri, sem \u00feeir s\u00e1u sem endurtekna hringr\u00e1s (\u201eThey both believed they had recognized a cyclical pattern in history\u201c - bls. 23). A\u00f0fer\u00f0in leyfir Bod\u00a0vissulega a\u00f0 finna samsvaranir milli sta\u00f0a \u00ed heiminum og samfellu \u00ed s\u00f6gunni en kostna\u00f0urinn er mikill. \u00deessi t\u00falkun \u00e1 upphafi og e\u00f0li sagnaritunar er gr\u00f3tesk einf\u00f6ldun \u00e1 verkum \u00feessara sagnaritara og einfaldlega \u00f3s\u00f6nn um \u00de\u00fak\u00fdd\u00eddes, sem s\u00e1 reglu \u00ed s\u00f6gunni en enga hringr\u00e1s. B\u00f3kin er \u00feessu marki brennd.<\/p>\n

Bod tekur sk\u00fdra afst\u00f6\u00f0u gegn annarri n\u00e1lgun (\u00ed ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgrein 17 \u00e1 bls. 6) e\u00f0a \u00feeirri a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 skilningi i\u00f0kendanna sj\u00e1lfra og \u00feeim hugt\u00f6kum sem \u00feeir notu\u00f0u til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa og skilgreina \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir voru a\u00f0 gera (\u00ed anda \u00feess sem hefur veri\u00f0 nefnt \u201eCambridge hugmyndasaga\u201c). \u00deetta er a\u00f0fer\u00f0 Geoffrey Lloyd \u00ed Disciplines in the Making<\/em>.[7] H\u00e9r gerir hann tilraun til a\u00f0 greina hvernig f\u00f6g eins og heimspeki, l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, st\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og fleiri ur\u00f0u til \u00ed deilum um yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir \u00feekkingu og hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif fagv\u00e6\u00f0ing (e\u00f0a atvinnumennska) fr\u00e6\u00f0anna haf\u00f0i. Hann fjallar \u00fev\u00ed alls ekki um\u00a0 almenna flokka eins og hugv\u00edsindi \u00ed verki s\u00ednu enda gengi sl\u00edk tilraun ekki upp mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina. Hugv\u00edsindin ur\u00f0u fyrst til \u00feegar einhverjum fannst\u00a0\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 greina \u00feau sem heild fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum st\u00f3rum svi\u00f0um \u00feekkingarleitar. Fyrstu skrefin \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1tt eru tekin \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld og \u00e1 \u00feeirri 20. eru\u00a0hugv\u00edsindi fest \u00ed sessi sem hluti af skipulagi h\u00e1sk\u00f3la og ranns\u00f3knastofnana. Tilraun eins og s\u00fa sem Bod gerir endar \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0slegri greiningu sem b\u00e6tir engur vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 \u00feegar vitum um s\u00f6gu einstakra greina hugv\u00edsindanna og \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann b\u00e6tir vi\u00f0 um almenna s\u00f6gu hugv\u00edsinda er \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur of yfirbor\u00f0skennt til a\u00f0 skipta m\u00e1li. Tilraunin er dj\u00f6rf og l\u00e6rd\u00f3msr\u00edk en h\u00fan mistekst.<\/p>\n

*Einnig birt \u00e1 Hugr\u00e1s<\/a>\u00a010. mars\u00a02015.<\/p>\n

[1] Small, Helen. (2013). The Value of the Humanities<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 23.<\/p>\n

[2] Collini, Stefan. (2012). What Are Universities For?<\/em> London: Penguin Books: 63. Heimspeki haf\u00f0i mun almennari merkingu sem l\u00edkist merkingu hugv\u00edsinda megni\u00f0 af 20. \u00f6ld, enda h\u00e9t Hugv\u00edsindadeild H\u00cd lengst af Heimspekideild.<\/p>\n

[3] S\u00e9rstaklega hj\u00e1 Wilhelm Dilthey \u00ed Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften: Versuch einer Grundlegung f\u00fcr das Studium der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte<\/em>, 1883, en or\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00feekkt fr\u00e1 seinni hluta 18. aldar.<\/p>\n

[4] Sj\u00e1 yfirlit yfir s\u00f6gu h\u00e1sk\u00f3la hj\u00e1 Sverri Jakobssyni (2011). \u201eH\u00e1sk\u00f3lar. Valdastofnanir e\u00f0a vi\u00f0n\u00e1msafl?\u201c, Riti\u00f0<\/em> 1\/2011: 77-90.<\/p>\n

[5] Collini, bls. 63.<\/p>\n

[6] Bod, Rens. (2013). A New History of the Humanities. The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present.<\/em> Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

[7] Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (2009). Disciplines in the Making. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Elites, Learning, and Innovation.<\/em> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hugv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0 er eitt af fimm svi\u00f0um H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Svi\u00f0inu er skipt upp \u00ed fj\u00f3rar deildir sem skiptast aftur upp \u00ed n\u00e1msbrautir. Innan n\u00e1msbrauta eru kennd m\u00f6rg f\u00f6g. \u00deeir sem nema og starfa innan Hugv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s kenna sig almennt ekki vi\u00f0 svi\u00f0i\u00f0 … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127344],"tags":[127128,127999,128001],"class_list":["post-645","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hugvisindi","tag-gagnhugvisinda","tag-haskolar","tag-hugvisindi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/645","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/414"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=645"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/645\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":657,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/645\/revisions\/657"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=645"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=645"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/esmari\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=645"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}