{"id":61,"date":"2011-08-29T10:01:10","date_gmt":"2011-08-29T10:01:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/gtt\/?page_id=61"},"modified":"2014-02-10T09:45:54","modified_gmt":"2014-02-10T09:45:54","slug":"rannsoknir","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/gtt\/rannsoknir\/","title":{"rendered":"Ranns\u00f3knir"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\u00c9g vinn a\u00f0 doktorsritger\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Princeton-h\u00e1sk\u00f3la<\/a>, sem fjallar um n\u00e1tt\u00faruhyggjustef \u00ed arist\u00f3tel\u00edskri si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 2. \u00f6ld. Ranns\u00f3kn m\u00edn beinist einkum a\u00f0 ritum Alexandrosar fr\u00e1 Afrodis\u00edas, sem \u00e1tti \u00ed r\u00f6kr\u00e6\u00f0um um \u00feessi m\u00e1l vi\u00f0 st\u00f3umenn, en um lei\u00f0 er \u00e9g a\u00f0 hugsa um og legg eitthvert mat \u00e1 uppsprettur \u00feessara p\u00e6linga hj\u00e1 Arist\u00f3telesi. \u00c9g held a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 alls ekki fr\u00e1leitt a\u00f0 kalla Arist\u00f3teles og raunar st\u00f3umenn l\u00edka n\u00e1tt\u00faruhyggjumenn \u00ed einhverjum skilningi. \u00c9g er einkum a\u00f0 velta fyrir m\u00e9r spurningum eins og hvers vegna Alexandros telji a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 eignun<\/em> (oikeiosis<\/em>) \u2013 sem hann kynntist hj\u00e1 st\u00f3um\u00f6nnum \u2013 hafi mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna \u00ed arist\u00f3tel\u00edskri kenningu og hvernig hann sj\u00e1i fyrir s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 geti rennt sto\u00f0um undir si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ikenningu Arist\u00f3telesar; hva\u00f0a m\u00e1li hann telji a\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt upplag (n\u00e1tt\u00faruleg \u201edyg\u00f0\u201c) hvers og eins skipti \u00ed si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og fyrir si\u00f0fer\u00f0is\u00feroska; og hvernig Alexandros og Arist\u00f3teles sj\u00e1i fyrir s\u00e9r a\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faruhugtaki\u00f0 geti varpa\u00f0 lj\u00f3si \u00e1 undirst\u00f6\u00f0ur r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tisins.<\/p>\n

\u00c9g er einnig langt kominn me\u00f0 ritger\u00f0 um efasemdap\u00e9sann Pyrrhon, \u00fear sem \u00e9g legg til lestur \u00e1 vandr\u00e6\u00f0abroti um vi\u00f0horf hans, sem \u00e9g tel a\u00f0 dragi talsvert \u00far vandanum. Pyrrhon var lengi \u00e1litinn efahyggjuma\u00f0ur \u2013 enda var til efahyggja sem kennd var vi\u00f0 hann! Upp \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0kasti\u00f0 hefur \u00feetta vi\u00f0horf, sem \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3 enn verjendur, veri\u00f0 teki\u00f0 til endursko\u00f0unar og \u00fdmsir komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00f6llu er \u00e1 botninn hvolft hafi Pyrrhon sj\u00e1lfur \u00ed reynd veri\u00f0 neikv\u00e6\u00f0ur kredduspekingur (\u00fe.e. ma\u00f0ur sem fullyr\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00feekking s\u00e9 \u00f3m\u00f6guleg). \u00deetta er t\u00falkun \u00e1 Pyrrhoni sem \u00e9g er hallur undir. En til er textabrot sem eignar honum vi\u00f0horf, sem v\u00e6ri vandr\u00e6\u00f0alegt jafnvel fyrir neikv\u00e6\u00f0an kredduspeking (og enn vandr\u00e6\u00f0alegra fyrir efahyggjumann), \u00fev\u00ed \u00fear vir\u00f0ist Pyrrhon skyndilega tr\u00faa a\u00f0 e\u00f0li gu\u00f0d\u00f3msins og hins g\u00f3\u00f0a eigi s\u00e9r \u00e6varandi tilvist, hvorki meira n\u00e9 minna. Greinin er \u00f6\u00f0ru fremur tilraun til textafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra k\u00fansta til a\u00f0 snei\u00f0a hj\u00e1 vanda, sem sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn hafa tali\u00f0 allt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3leysanlegan.<\/p>\n

\u00cd annarri \u00f3birtri grein geri \u00e9g tilraun til a\u00f0 t\u00falka afst\u00f6\u00f0u Arist\u00f3telesar \u00ed 9da kafla ritsins Um t\u00falkun<\/em>. \u00dear er Arist\u00f3teles a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri nau\u00f0hyggju, sem hann hafnar a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u. En \u00fea\u00f0 er umdeilt hvernig<\/em> hann hafnar henni. Gerir hann \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera undantekningu \u00e1 l\u00f6gm\u00e1linu um anna\u00f0 tveggja, eins og \u00fev\u00ed er stundum l\u00fdst? E\u00f0a gerir hann \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera undantekningu \u00e1 tv\u00edgildisl\u00f6gm\u00e1linu? E\u00f0a hefur hann eitthva\u00f0 allt anna\u00f0 \u00ed huga? \u00deessi heiti \u00e1 r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0il\u00f6gm\u00e1lum eru yngri en Arist\u00f3teles og eiga s\u00e9r enga einfalda samsv\u00f6run \u00ed m\u00e1li hans. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fearf \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 st\u00edga varlega til jar\u00f0ar. En \u00e9g held a\u00f0 eftir vandlegan lestur og greiningu \u00e1 kaflanum hlj\u00f3tum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 Arist\u00f3teles \u00e6tli s\u00e9r a\u00f0 gera undantekningu \u00e1 tv\u00edgildisl\u00f6gm\u00e1linu fyrir \u00e1kve\u00f0inn h\u00f3p yr\u00f0inga um framt\u00ed\u00f0ina. \u00c9g held enn fremur a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hlj\u00f3tum vi\u00f0 einnig a\u00f0 gera.<\/p>\n

Auk \u00feessara skrifa um fornaldarheimspeki \u00e1 \u00e9g tv\u00e6r greinar sem koma br\u00e1\u00f0um \u00fat. S\u00fa fyrri er stutt grein um \u00deorstein Gylfason, fyrrum kennara minn, sem \u00e9g var be\u00f0inn a\u00f0 skrifa fyrir hefti um \u00edslenska heimspeki. Greinin heitir \u201eLanguage, Mind, and Justice: Philosophical Topics in the Writings of \u00deorsteinn Gylfason\u201c en b\u00f3kin ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 ensku. \u00cd greininni, sem er \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur allt of stutt, gef \u00e9g yfirlit yfir helstu heimspekilegu \u00e1hugam\u00e1l \u00deorsteins og heimspekilega \u00e1hrifavalda \u00ed l\u00edfi hans.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nnur v\u00e6ntanleg grein heitir \u201eThe Meanings of \u00abMeaning\u00bb and Reception Studies\u201c og mun birtast \u00ed Materiali e discussioni per l\u2019analisi dei testi classici<\/em>. H\u00fan er afrakstur af samvinnu minni vi\u00f0 Andreas Thomas Zanker<\/a>, fyrrverandi sk\u00f3laf\u00e9laga minn \u00e1 Princeton-h\u00e1sk\u00f3la, og af \u00e1ral\u00f6ngum samr\u00e6\u00f0um okkar um heimspeki, um gildi heimspekinnar sem fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinar og um \u00fdmsa strauma \u00ed klass\u00edskum fr\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00cd greininni, sem Tom \u00e1tti frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0, leggjum vi\u00f0 til atl\u00f6gu vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0na kreddu \u00ed b\u00f3kmenntat\u00falkunum \u00ed fornfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dev\u00ed er haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 merking ver\u00f0i til vi\u00f0 lestur (e\u00f0a hj\u00e1 \u201evi\u00f0takandanum\u201c) og vi\u00f0horfi\u00f0 er a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttnefndri kreddu. \u00deessu andm\u00e6lum vi\u00f0 og \u00fatsk\u00fdrum \u00e1 mannam\u00e1li (en \u00fe\u00f3 me\u00f0 \u00f6rf\u00e1um l\u00e1nu\u00f0um hugt\u00f6kum fr\u00e1 mannam\u00e1lsspekingunum \u00ed Oxford) hvernig or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201emeaning\u201c (af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 greinin er \u00e1 ensku) getur merkt fleira en bara \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0inguna<\/em> sem texti hefur fyrir lesandann. Kreddan er \u00ed raun ekkert anna\u00f0 en glannaleg alh\u00e6fing, sem er \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6t sem sl\u00edk. En ef h\u00fan er umor\u00f0u\u00f0 (t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 s\u00e9rhver t\u00falkun<\/em> ver\u00f0i til hj\u00e1 vi\u00f0takandanum), \u00fe\u00e1 er h\u00fan ekkert spennandi lengur. Vi\u00f0 bendum \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 varla \u00feess vir\u00f0i a\u00f0 gera \u00f3spennandi hugmynd a\u00f0la\u00f0andi me\u00f0 \u00f3n\u00e1kv\u00e6mu or\u00f0alagi, ekki s\u00edst af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 or\u00f0alagi\u00f0 er \u00f3\u00fearflega stu\u00f0andi og til \u00feess falli\u00f0 a\u00f0 valda ruglingi.<\/p>\n

Auk skrifa hef \u00e9g gaman af \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarstarfi og hef \u00fdmis afar mislangt komin \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarverkefni \u00ed gangi. Vori\u00f0 2002 h\u00f3f \u00e9g a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a grein eftir bandar\u00edska heimspekinginn \u00a0Donald Davidson, sem heitir \u201eF\u00e1sinnan a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 skilgreina sannleikann\u201c<\/a>. \u00deegar Davidson heims\u00f3tti \u00cdsland um hausti\u00f0 sama \u00e1r f\u00e9kk \u00e9g leyfi hans til a\u00f0 birta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0inguna \u00e1 Heimspekivef H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands<\/em>. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00e9g einnig vi\u00f0tal, sem Mikael M. Karlsson t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 Davidson og birtist \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed Lesb\u00f3k Morgunbla\u00f0sins <\/em>undir titlinum \u201e\u00c9g hafna engu sem f\u00f3lk gerir \u00ed nafni heimspekinnar\u201c (9. n\u00f3vember 2002, bls. 6-7). \u00d3stytt \u00fatg\u00e1fa af vi\u00f0talinu birtist s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed \u00a0Hug<\/em>, t\u00edmariti F\u00e9lags \u00e1hugamanna um heimspeki undir titlinum \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 hefur aldrei veri\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 hj\u00e1 m\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a alltumfa\u00f0mandi heimspekikerfi\u201c (Hugur <\/em>14 (2002), bls. 11-24). Nokkrum \u00e1rum seinna \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00e9g \u00f6rstutta en s\u00edgilda grein um \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i eftir bandar\u00edska heimspekinginn \u00a0Edmund L. Gettier, sem heitir \u201eEr s\u00f6nn r\u00f6kstudd sko\u00f0un \u00feekking?\u201c og birtist h\u00fan einnig \u00ed Hug<\/em> (Hugur <\/em>18 (2006), bls. 71-3).<\/p>\n

Af \u00f3birtum en meira e\u00f0a minna kl\u00e1ru\u00f0um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingum \u00e1 fornum textum m\u00e1 nefna \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu m\u00edna \u00e1 samr\u00e6\u00f0unni Lakkesi<\/em> eftir Platon en h\u00fan var hluti af BA-verkefni m\u00ednu \u00ed gr\u00edsku vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands vori\u00f0 2004. \u00deessa \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e6tla\u00f0i \u00e9g m\u00e9r a\u00f0 gefa \u00fat eftir a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00fdtt til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar \u00ferj\u00e1r a\u00f0rar stuttar samr\u00e6\u00f0ur eftir Platon sem heita Karm\u00eddes<\/em>, L\u00fdsis<\/em> og \u00deeages <\/em>(s\u00fa s\u00ed\u00f0astnefnda er reyndar ekki \u00f3svikin) en \u00feegar heildarverk Platons var gefi\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed forn\u00f6ld myndu\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r fj\u00f3rleik. \u00d6nnur \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00far forngr\u00edsku var hluti af BA-verkefni m\u00ednu \u00ed heimspeki vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands hausti\u00f0 2003. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 verkinu Um t\u00falkun<\/em> eftir Arist\u00f3teles, sem er eitt af r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0iritum hans, \u00fear sem hann me\u00f0al annars finnur upp h\u00e1ttar\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrstur manna. Hausti\u00f0 2008 \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00e9g stutt verk eftir Xenofon, sem heitir Varnarr\u00e6\u00f0a S\u00f3kratesar<\/em>. \u00d6nnur varnarr\u00e6\u00f0a S\u00f3kratesar, eftir Platon, er var\u00f0veitt og til \u00ed \u00edslenskri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu. Hins vegar er engin a\u00f0gengileg \u00edslensk \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 s\u00f3krat\u00edskum (e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum) verkum Xenofons en fr\u00f3\u00f0legt er a\u00f0 bera saman me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun \u00feeirra Platons og Xenofons \u00e1 S\u00f3kratesi. A\u00f0 lokum m\u00e1 nefna \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu m\u00edna \u00e1 stuttri h\u00e1\u00f0s\u00e1deilu eftir L\u00fak\u00edanos, sem heitir Sala heimspekinganna<\/em>. Allar \u00feessar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar \u00e6tla \u00e9g m\u00e9r a\u00f0 gefa \u00fat \u00feegar \u00e9g hef t\u00edma til og finna r\u00e9tta vettvanginn fyrir hverja og eina \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

Auk fyrrnefndra \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0inga hef \u00e9g hafi\u00f0 vinnu vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1 \u00fdmsum \u00f6\u00f0rum fornum textum, sem \u00e9g hef ekki n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 lj\u00faka vi\u00f0 enn \u00fe\u00e1. \u00dear m\u00e1 me\u00f0al annars nefna 12tu b\u00f3k Frumspekinnar<\/em> eftir Arist\u00f3teles og r\u00e6\u00f0u Antifons Um mor\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 Her\u00f3desi<\/em>. \u00c9g \u00e1 einnig \u00f3birtar og mislangt komnar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar \u00far ensku, a\u00f0allega \u00e1 \u00fdmsum heimspekiritum. Dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu minni \u00e1 b\u00f3kinni Hugur, m\u00e1l og samf\u00e9lag<\/em> eftir bandar\u00edska heimspekinginn John Searle hafa legi\u00f0 hj\u00e1 ritstj\u00f3rum l\u00e6rd\u00f3msrita Hins \u00edslenska b\u00f3kmenntaf\u00e9lags allt of lengi \u2013 en s\u00f6kin er alfari\u00f0 m\u00edn. \u00c9g \u00fearf a\u00f0 lesa dr\u00f6gin yfir og f\u00e6ra til betri vegar \u00e1\u00f0ur en a\u00f0rir geta hafi\u00f0 yfirlestur. \u00de\u00e1 hef \u00e9g hafi\u00f0 vinnu vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar \u00e1 ritger\u00f0um eftir Donald Davidson, Bertrand Russell, A.J. Ayer og Bernard Williams, sem er enn \u00f3loki\u00f0.<\/p>\n

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