{"id":74,"date":"2010-02-05T13:24:04","date_gmt":"2010-02-05T13:24:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/skrif.hi.is\/jkh\/?page_id=74"},"modified":"2017-09-02T19:11:06","modified_gmt":"2017-09-02T19:11:06","slug":"kate-chopin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/jkh\/thydingar\/kate-chopin\/","title":{"rendered":"Kate Chopin"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"chopin\"Kate Chopin. S\u00e1lin vaknar<\/em>. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0. J\u00f3n Karl Helgason. Reykjav\u00edk: Bjartur, 1997.<\/p>\n

\"\u00dev\u00ed er gjarnan haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 The Awakening<\/em> (S\u00e1lin vaknar<\/em>) hafi marka\u00f0 tvenn \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil fyrir bandar\u00edsku sk\u00e1ldkonunna Kate Chopin. Annars vegar hafi \u00feeir neikv\u00e6\u00f0u d\u00f3mar sem sagan f\u00e9kk \u00feegar h\u00fan kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1899 gert \u00fat um feril hennar sem rith\u00f6fundar, hins vegar er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feessu verki a\u00f0 \u00feakka a\u00f0 h\u00fan f\u00e9ll ekki \u00ed varanlega gleymsku.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar sagan birtist upphaflega var Kate Chopin vel \u00feekkt sem sm\u00e1sagnah\u00f6fundur, einkum \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjum Bandar\u00edkjanna \u00fear sem flestar s\u00f6gur hennar gerast. Margar sagnanna fjalla um samskipti enskum\u00e6landi og\u00a0 fr\u00f6nskum\u00e6landi \u00edb\u00faa New Orleans og n\u00e1grennis og l\u00fdsa breisku mannl\u00edfinu \u00e1 m\u00f6rkum \u00feessara tveggja menningarheima. The Awakening<\/em> var a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti \u00f3beint framhald af fyrri skrifum sk\u00e1ldkonunnar en h\u00fan var einnig n\u00fdr \u00e1fangi \u00ed \u00e1t\u00f6kum hennar vi\u00f0 eldfiman efnivi\u00f0, st\u00f6\u00f0u og reynslu kvenna \u00ed hinu formfasta aldam\u00f3tasamf\u00e9lagi. S\u00f6guhetjan, Edna Pontellier, uppg\u00f6tvar a\u00f0 tilvistin hefur upp \u00e1 fleira a\u00f0 bj\u00f3\u00f0a en hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 hj\u00f3naband og barnauppeldi. H\u00fan leitar \u00fatr\u00e1sar fyrir tj\u00e1ninga\u00fe\u00f6rf s\u00edna og tilfinningar og hir\u00f0ir l\u00edtt um \u00fe\u00e6r margv\u00edslegu skor\u00f0ur sem henni eru settar sem konu, eiginkonu og m\u00f3\u00f0ur. Og \u00fea\u00f0 var af\u00a0 \u00feessum s\u00f6kum sem sagan f\u00f3r fyrir brj\u00f3sti\u00f0 \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum lesendum. \u00deeir g\u00e1tu ekki fellt sig vi\u00f0 hina \u00f3st\u00fdril\u00e1tu fr\u00fa Pontellier og \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00f3fyrirgefanlegt a\u00f0 s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur verksins skyldi a.m.k. ekki ford\u00e6ma hj\u00faskaparbrot hennar og draum\u00f3ra. \u201e\u00deetta er ekki uppbyggilegt verk,\u201c var\u00f0 einum gagnr\u00fdenda a\u00f0 or\u00f0i, annar fullyrti a\u00f0 Edna \u201eger\u00f0i s\u00e9r enga grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skylda m\u00f3\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin s\u00edn v\u00e6ri langtum mikilv\u00e6gari en fulln\u00e6ging f\u00fdsna sem reynslan hef\u00f0i kennt henni a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu hverful.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00deegar The Awakening<\/em> var enduruppg\u00f6tvu\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00f6unda \u00e1ratugnum fylgdi \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00f6gunni a\u00f0 \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feessara vi\u00f0brag\u00f0a hef\u00f0i b\u00f3kin veri\u00f0 fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 \u00far hillum b\u00f3kab\u00fa\u00f0a og b\u00f3kasafna \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum og sk\u00e1ldkonan \u00fatsk\u00fafu\u00f0 \u00far samf\u00e9lagi betri borgara \u00ed St. Louis. \u00cd n\u00fdrri \u00e6vis\u00f6gu hennar eru \u00feessar s\u00f6gur a\u00f0 nokkru leyti hraktar en eftir stendur a\u00f0 \u00feetta var s\u00ed\u00f0asta b\u00f3k Kate Chopin, h\u00fan t\u00f3k neikv\u00e6\u00f0a d\u00f3ma um s\u00f6guna n\u00e6rri s\u00e9r, au\u00f0na\u00f0ist ekki a\u00f0 finna \u00fatgefanda fyrir n\u00e6sta sm\u00e1sagnasafn sitt og sendi l\u00edti\u00f0 fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00feeim fimm \u00e1rum sem h\u00fan \u00e1tti eftir \u00f3lifu\u00f0. \u00deegar h\u00fan l\u00e9st \u00e1ri\u00f0 1904, r\u00famlega fimmtug a\u00f0 aldri, gruna\u00f0i hana s\u00edst a\u00f0 saga Ednu Pontellier \u00e6tti eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 fj\u00f6lda tungum\u00e1la, kvikmyndu\u00f0 og talin til s\u00edgildra verka bandar\u00edskra b\u00f3kmennta.<\/p>\n

Sk\u00edrnarnafn Kate Chopin var Katherine O\u2019Flaherty. H\u00fan f\u00e6ddist \u00e1ri\u00f0 1851 \u00ed St. Louis \u00ed Mississippi, d\u00f3ttir \u00edrsks innflytjanda sem gifst haf\u00f0i inn \u00ed franska h\u00e1st\u00e9ttarfj\u00f6lskyldu \u00fear \u00ed borginni. H\u00fan vir\u00f0ist hafa \u00e1tt hamingjur\u00edka \u00e6sku nema hva\u00f0 fa\u00f0ir hennar d\u00f3 sviplega \u00ed j\u00e1rnbrautarslysi \u00feegar h\u00fan var a\u00f0eins fj\u00f6gurra \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul. H\u00fan var\u00f0 snemma mikilli lestrarhestur, naut g\u00f3\u00f0rar menntunar og \u00fatskrifa\u00f0ist \u00far virtum sk\u00f3la \u00ed St. Louis sautj\u00e1n \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1870 giftist h\u00fan Oscari Chopin, tuttugu og fimm \u00e1ra g\u00f6mlum bankamanni fr\u00e1 New Orleans, \u00feanga\u00f0 sem \u00feau hj\u00f3nin fluttu og h\u00f3f Oscar \u00fear sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0an atvinnurekstur.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 fer g\u00f3\u00f0um s\u00f6gum af hj\u00f3nabandi \u00feeirra Chopin-hj\u00f3na. Oscar var kre\u00f3li, afkomandi franskra innflytjenda \u00ed Louisiana sem t\u00f6lu\u00f0u enn\u00fe\u00e1 fr\u00f6nsku og h\u00e9ldu \u00ed \u00fdmsa franska si\u00f0i, en af The Awakening<\/em> a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma voru kre\u00f3lar skilningsr\u00edkari eiginmenn en karlmenn af enskum uppruna \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum. Konur \u00feeirra h\u00f6f\u00f0u til d\u00e6mis t\u00f6luvert frelsi til a\u00f0 \u00feroska listr\u00e6na h\u00e6fileika s\u00edna. Annars \u00e1tti Kate snemma fullt \u00ed fangi me\u00f0 a\u00f0 hugsa um b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra hj\u00f3na sem f\u00e6ddust hvert af \u00f6\u00f0ru \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum, fimm drengir og ein st\u00falka. \u00dea\u00f0 skygg\u00f0i \u00e1 barnal\u00e1ni\u00f0 a\u00f0 atvinnurekstur Oscars gekk illa og neyddist fj\u00f6lskyldan til a\u00f0 flytja fr\u00e1 New Orleans \u00fat \u00ed sveit, \u00ed \u00feorpi\u00f0 Cloutierville \u00ed Natchitoches-h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, \u00fear sem Oscar h\u00f3f n\u00fa verslun og ba\u00f0mullarr\u00e6kt.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feessu sl\u00f3\u00f0um kynntist Kate n\u00fdjum h\u00f3pi fr\u00f6nskum\u00e6landi Bandar\u00edkjamanna, svonefndum Akad\u00edum\u00f6nnum. \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u upphaflega flutt fr\u00e1 Frakklandi til fylkisins Akad\u00edu \u00e1 austurstr\u00f6nd Kanada sem n\u00fa er nefnt Nova Scotia. \u00deegar Bretar n\u00e1\u00f0u \u00fear v\u00f6ldum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1755 h\u00e9ldu margir \u00feessara fr\u00f6nsku\u00e6ttu\u00f0u \u00edb\u00faa til Louisiana og h\u00e9ldu s\u00e9rkennum s\u00ednum gagnvart kre\u00f3lum og enskum\u00e6landi f\u00f3lki. Akad\u00edum\u00f6nnum breg\u00f0ur fyrir \u00ed The Awakening<\/em>; \u00feeir eru sj\u00f3menn og b\u00e6ndur sem r\u00e6kta ennfremur s\u00e9rst\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0sagnahef\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1882 l\u00e9st Oscar Chopin \u00far hitas\u00f3tt. Kate h\u00e9lt kyrru fyrir \u00ed Cloutierville um nokkra \u00e1ra skei\u00f0 og h\u00e9lt b\u00faskapnum gangandi en \u00e1kva\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 flytja aftur til St. Louis \u00fear sem m\u00f3\u00f0ir hennar bj\u00f3. Fr\u00fa O\u2019Flaherty l\u00e9st hins vegar sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00feannig a\u00f0 Kate var skyndilega or\u00f0in einst\u00e6\u00f0 sex barna m\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00e1n n\u00e1inna a\u00f0standenda. En h\u00fan l\u00e9t ekki bugast. Fyrir hvatningu heimilisl\u00e6knisins byrja\u00f0i h\u00fan a\u00f0 skrifa sm\u00e1s\u00f6gur og brot sem bygg\u00f0 voru \u00e1 reynslu hennar \u00ed Louisiana. H\u00fan \u00fe\u00f3tti l\u00fdsa l\u00edfinu \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum \u00e1 raunsannan og \u00feokkafullan h\u00e1tt og t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 f\u00e1 sm\u00e1s\u00f6gur s\u00ednar birtar \u00ed flestum virtustu t\u00edmaritum Bandar\u00edkjanna \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum. Fyrsta b\u00f3k hennar var hins vegar sk\u00e1ldsaga, At Fault<\/em> (1890), en \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 fylgdu tv\u00f6 sm\u00e1sagnas\u00f6fn, Bayou Folk<\/em> (1894) og A Night in Acadia<\/em> (1897).<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 eina sem f\u00f3r fyrir brj\u00f3sti\u00f0 \u00e1 sumum lesendum \u00feessara verka voru viljasterkar kvenhetjur sem skutu af og til upp kollinum. Sm\u00e1sagan \u201eThe Story of\u00a0 an Hour\u201c segir \u00feannig fr\u00e1 einni klukkustund \u00ed l\u00edfi eiginkonu sem fr\u00e9ttir a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur hennar hafi l\u00e1tist \u00ed j\u00e1rnbrautarslysi. Fyrst er h\u00fan felmtri slegin en \u00feegar fr\u00e1 l\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00e1ttar h\u00fan sig \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00edfi\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0ur hennar me\u00f0 \u00f3tal t\u00e6kif\u00e6rum. H\u00fan fyllist n\u00fdjum \u00fer\u00f3tti. Vi\u00f0 lok \u00feessarar stundar vindur eiginma\u00f0ur hennar s\u00e9r inn um \u00fatidyrnar og \u00ed lj\u00f3s kemur a\u00f0 andl\u00e1tsfregnin var \u00e1 misskilningi bygg\u00f0. Eiginkonunni ver\u00f0ur svo miki\u00f0 um a\u00f0 h\u00fan deyr \u00far hjartaslagi, e\u00f0a eins og l\u00e6knarnir or\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0, \u201e\u00far banv\u00e6nni gle\u00f0i\u201c.<\/p>\n

Kate Chopin \u00e1tti \u00ed nokkrum vandr\u00e6\u00f0um me\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna \u00fatgefanda a\u00f0 \u00feessari kaldh\u00e6\u00f0nu sm\u00e1s\u00f6gu og sama m\u00e1li gegndi um handrit hennar a\u00f0 The Awakening<\/em>, sem var a\u00f0 endingu gefin \u00fat hj\u00e1 forlagi \u00ed Chicago. Ekki er gott a\u00f0 segja hvort vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0in hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f6nnur ef Kate hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 karlma\u00f0ur e\u00f0a b\u00fai\u00f0 utan Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjanna. \u00c1 \u00feessum \u00e1rum dr\u00f3gu bandar\u00edskir karlh\u00f6fundar \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Theodore Dreiser og Stephen Crane upp myndir af \u201e\u00f3si\u00f0s\u00f6mum\u201c kvenhetjum \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 ferill \u00feeirra bi\u00f0i alvarlega hnekki. Helstu \u00e1hrifavaldar sk\u00e1ldkonunnar voru hins vegar franskir rauns\u00e6ish\u00f6fundur, \u00feeirra \u00e1 me\u00f0al Gustave Flaubert og Guy de Maupassant. Forvitnilegt er a\u00f0 bera fr\u00fa Pontellier saman vi\u00f0 fr\u00fa Bovary Flauberts en sj\u00e1lf sag\u00f0i Kate a\u00f0 h\u00fan hef\u00f0i l\u00e6rt hva\u00f0 mest af Maupassant, sem a\u00f0 hennar mati var \u00f3hr\u00e6ddur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hunsa hef\u00f0ir samf\u00e9lagsins og l\u00fdsti l\u00edfinu af hreinskilni, eins og \u00fea\u00f0 kom honum fyrir sj\u00f3nir.<\/p>\n

Enda \u00fe\u00f3tt The Awakening<\/em> hafi \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1rum veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst sem brautry\u00f0jendaverki bandar\u00edskra kvennab\u00f3kmennta eru n\u00fat\u00edmalesendur ekki \u00e1 einu m\u00e1li um hvernig t\u00falka beri s\u00f6guna. \u00cd sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6ta um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort Edna hagi s\u00e9 \u00f3s\u00e6milega greinir gagnr\u00fdnendur n\u00fa \u00e1 um hvort h\u00fan geti talist g\u00f3\u00f0ur og gegn feministi. R\u00e1\u00f0ast gj\u00f6r\u00f0ir hennar af me\u00f0vita\u00f0ri frelsis\u00fer\u00e1 e\u00f0a r\u00f3mant\u00edskum hv\u00f6tum? Er sund hennar undir lok s\u00f6gunnar sigurfer\u00f0 e\u00f0a t\u00e1kn um endanlega uppgj\u00f6f?\"<\/p>\n

(\u00dar eftirm\u00e1la \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0anda)<\/p>\n

Umfj\u00f6llun<\/strong><\/p>\n