Category: Cybersecurity

Icelandic government drafting bill on the future IT system of the Icelandic administration

Helmut Neukirchen, 18. March 2025

Earlier this year, I have suggested together with other colleagues to the Icelandic government to use open-source software in order to save money. While we mentioned there already the opportunity to gain digital sovereignty, this has become even more important with the new administration in the U.S., i.e. being dependent on Microsoft or any other US software provider can be dangerous, because a "kill switch" could lead to making US software stop working and loosing access to your data that is stored in the cloud of an US company. Note that also European companies that use internally US-services are affected, e.g. while Spotify is Swedish, it uses both the Google and Amazon cloud for delivering their services.

The Dutch parliament just approved a series of motions calling on the Dutch government to reduce dependence on U.S. software companies.

Also, if you check the accesses to the web page of european-alternatives.eu you see that the interest European alternatives for digital service and products is rapidly increasing since mid of January 2025, i.e. when the new US administration came into office.

Currently, the Icelandic government is drafting a bill on the future IT system for the Icelandic administration:

The question is whether a system like Stafrænt Ísland ("Digital Iceland") is created where Icelandic companies win tenders offered by the state and then develop software for the island.is portal (that can be used to access digital government services) (and the developed software is even made available as open-source) or whether one gigantic Microsoft solution is introduced.

In fact, other states are already working on digital sovereignty, for example the German Zentrum Digitale Souveränität, or short: ZenDis, that is working on OpenDesk which is an open-source solution intended for governments and other public institutions as alternative to Microsoft services that are currently used. Therefore, it would be exciting to see the Icelandic government offering tenders for integrating such software into the Icelandic government IT landscape and have then Iceland teams win these tenders. By this, digital sovereignty is achieved and Icelandic tax money stays in Iceland instead of feeding the big US tech companies and expertise is created and stays in Iceland.

I did not find that draft bill number 141 in the comment system of the parliament (umsagnagátt), but the above justification refers to comments that have been made earlier, so maybe this does not even go into the comment process again? In any case, it will be important to follow up on that.

Eyvör National Coordination Centre for Cybersecurity Iceland (NCC-IS) successfully secured follow-up co-funding by the Digital Europe Programme

Helmut Neukirchen, 18. March 2025


The EU's Digital Europe Programme (DEP) is fostering digital transformation and therefore co-funding projects that improve cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, high-performance computing and other aspects of digital transformation.

We have already established in 2022 Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS) that received co-funding from the European Cybersecurity Competence Centre (ECCC) for the period 10/2023-9/2025.

Now, we just got the notification that we will receive two further years of co-funding from the the ECCC/EU based on the call Deploying The Network of National Coordination Centres with Member States (DIGITAL-ECCC-2024-DEPLOY-NCC-06-MS-COORDINATION).

The core tasks of the follow-up Eyvör NCC-IS are:

  • Acting as contact points at the national level for the Cybersecurity Competence Community to support the ECCC in achieving its objectives and missions;
  • Providing expertise and actively contributing to the strategic tasks of the ECCC, taking into account relevant national and regional challenges for cybersecurity in different sectors;
  • Promoting, encouraging and facilitating the participation of civil society, industry in particular start-ups and SMEs, academic and research communities and other actors at Member State level in cross-border projects and cybersecurity actions funded through all relevant Union programmes;
  • Providing technical assistance to stakeholders by supporting the stakeholders in their application phase for projects managed by the ECCC, and in full compliance with the rules of sound financial management, especially on conflict of interests. This should be done in close coordination with relevant NCPs set up by Member States;
  • Seeking to establish synergies with relevant activities at national, regional and local levels, such as addressing cybersecurity in national policies on research, development and innovation in the area of, and in particular in those policies stated in the national cybersecurity strategies;
  • Where relevant, implementing specific actions for which grants have been awarded by the ECCC, including through provision of financial support to third parties, i.e. Evyör NCC-IS providing via Rannís funding to Icelandic companies to improve their cybersecurity. The funding should foremost facilitate the adoption and widespread use of state-of-the-art cybersecurity solutions. This should equip organisations with the latest and most effective tools and strategies available for cybersecurity, fortifying their overall cybersecurity capabilities, and helping them to become more resilient and better prepared to face the evolving challenges posed by cyber threats in the digital age.
  • Promoting and disseminating the relevant outcomes of the work of the Network and the ECCC at national, regional or local level;
  • Assessing requests for becoming part of the Cybersecurity Competence Community by entities established in the same Member State as the NCC;
  • Advocating and promoting involvement by relevant entities in the activities arising from the ECCC, the Network of National Coordination Centres, and the Cybersecurity Competence Community, and monitoring, as appropriate, the level of engagement with actions awarded for cybersecurity research, developments and deployments.

To prevent any misunderstandings: Eyvör NCC-IS will not take over the job of CERT-IS (or any other party) nor is Eyvör NCC-IS a Security Operation Center (SOC). Eyvör NCC-IS is rather an add-on to existing activities in order to raise awareness, co-ordinate actions, and improve education and research related to Cybersecurity on national and European level.


Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS) is co-funded by the ECCC/EU.


Frostbyte cybersecurity lab opening at UT messan 2025

Helmut Neukirchen, 8. February 2025

The Frostbyte lab is the joint cybersecurity lab of the security researchers and teachers at University of Iceland and Reykjavik University. It is co-funded by the Icelandic government and the EU/ECCC. The official opening to experts is on Friday, 7 February 2025, and to the general public on Saturday, 8 February 2025, 11:00-16:00, in Harpa at the IT fair UT messan. Both University of Iceland and Reykjavik University have at the exhibition day for the public a booth on the 2nd floor of Harpa where you can learn more about the lab. The lab is open to interested parties for their cybersecurity research: please contact people at Frostbyte lab if you have a cybersecurity use case. For example, we offer to do a security scan if your organisation that has computers facing the internet.

From the lab opening to experts on 7.2.2025.

From the lab opening to the general public on 8.2.2025.

Gagnabær ("Datatown") digital twin that visualises cyber attacks in Iceland: each time our server gets attacked, a light goes off.

Presentation slides

To play them:

  1. Open link in browser;
  2. Slides should automatically advance every 20 seconds (possible to adjust that value via the delayms parameter of the URL) -- if they do not advance: reload page via F5 key;
  3. Switch to fullscreen mode:
    • In Chrome: F5 (=reload to start), followed by F11 (=fullscreen);
    • In Firefox: do not use F11 key (would stop auto advance), but rather 'hamburger' menu and there, in the Zoom entry line on the very right, click the fullscreen icon.

This event is in the context of our cybersecurity activities and the ECCC/EU co-funded projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


University of Iceland, Defend Iceland, Eyvör National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre Iceland (NCC-IS) at UT messan IT fair

Helmut Neukirchen, 26. January 2025

University of Iceland, Defend Iceland, Eyvör National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre Iceland (NCC-IS) will have a booth at the public visitor day at at UT messan 2025, the largest IT fair in Iceland. The visitor day is Saturday, 8 February 2025, 11:00-16:00, in Harpa.

We will showcase our cybersecurity lab, i.e. a computer server environment that allows to create virtualised environments to practise cybersecurity activities.

Furthermore, we will have a LEGO model of critical infrastructure in Iceland that show visually when services (that could be a service of a critical infrastructure) get hacked.

In addition, you can try to beat an AI in classification of remote sensing images.


This event is in the context of our cybersecurity activities and the ECCC/EU co-funded projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


Afternoon on Internet Security

Helmut Neukirchen, 24. January 2025

ICANN is organising a series of presentations on Internet Security that is hosted at ISCNIC on Thursday, 6th of February 2025, 13:00-16:30:
Details and registration.

Thomas Welsh from the Computer Science department of University of Iceland will be giving a talk there on Threat analysis in cyber-physical systems via topology modelling.

Note: Registration is closed because the maximum number of attendees has been reached. Also note that because of the red weather alert, this event starts 1 hour later, i.e. at 14:00.


This talk is in the context of our cybersecurity activities and the ECCC/EU co-funded projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


Suggestion to the Icelandic state to use open-source software in order to save money

Helmut Neukirchen, 23. January 2025

The Icelandic government was asking for suggestions how to save money. I submitted together with some colleagues a proposal to use open-source software instead of Microsoft services (submission number 3797 at Samráðsgátt.

The Icelandic text is as follows:

Við fögnum framtaki um að leita til almennings eftir tillögum að sparnaði í ríkisrekstri. Í þessu bréfi bendum við á kostnað sem fylgir því að nota þjónustu Microsoft í stað ódýrari valkosta.

Síðan 2018 hefur íslenska ríkið alfarið nýtt sér þjónustu Microsoft (tölvupóstur, Teams o.s.frv.) sem hefur tvo ókosti:

1. Þessi þjónusta er dýr og með því að festa sig við þjónustu Microsoft verður íslenska ríkið sífellt háðara þjónustu Microsoft sem hefur með tímanum þrengt að öðrum hugbúnaðarframleiðendum (aukið einsleitni) og skapað Microsoft eins konar tæknilegt hreðjatak: Microsoft getur stýrt verði sem greiða þarf fyrir þessar þjónustur og Ríkisendurskoðun hefur nú þegar í samhengi við innleiðingu Microsoft bent á að „væntingar um beinan fjárhagslegan ávinning stóðust ekki“
[ https://www.rikisend.is/reskjol/files/Skyrslur/2023-samningur-rikisins-vid-microsoft.pdf ]

Í þessu samhengi má einnig nefna að Microsoft hefur nú þegar innleitt verðhækkanir í Eyjaálfu og hluta Asíu (Singapúr, Malasíu, Taívan og Tælandi).
[ https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2025/aussies-push-back-against-microsoft-365-price-hikes.html (á ensku) ]

2. Stafrænu fullveldi íslenska ríkisins er ógnað. Þjónustan sem Microsoft býður upp á er hýst utan Íslands og er því tengd um sæstrengi. Sæstrengir geta slitnað (annaðhvort óvart sem slys eða viljandi sem hluti af blönduðum hernaði) og í því tilviki gætu stjórnvöld og allar opinberar stofnanir sem nota Microsoft þjónustur ekki átt tölvupóstsamskipti eða önnur samskipti sem fara fram gegnum þjónustur Microsoft (t.d. myndsímtöl og spjallþræði á Teams) og myndu missa aðgang að skjölum sem geymd eru í Microsoft-skýinu. Annað atriði sem mikilvægt er að hafa í huga tengt stafrænu fullveldi Íslands er að Microsoft er bandarískt fyrirtæki og ekki er hægt að útiloka að bandarísk yfirvöld þvingi Microsoft til að veita þeim aðgang að viðkvæmum samskiptum og skrám íslenska ríkisins. Þekkt er að erlendar leyniþjónustur á borð við Bandarísku þjóðaröryggisstofnunina (NSA) og Samskiptamiðstöð breskra stjórnvalda (GCHQ) skanna alþjóðleg tölvupóstsamskipti. Til að tryggja þjóðaröryggi þurfa innviðir - þekking, tæknikunnátta og búnaður - að vera til staðar hér á landi svo reka megi stafrænar þjónustur á borð við samskiptakerfi. Eftir því sem meira er úthýst, líkt og raunin er með þjónustusamning við Microsoft, þeim mun minni þekking og kunnátta byggist upp hér innanlands.

Við leggjum því til að íslenska ríkið noti frekar opna valkosti í samræmi við stefnu um notkun opins hugbúnaðar.
[ https://www.forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/verkefnisstjorn-radstefna-rafraen-framtid/Frjals_og_opinn_hugbunadur_-_Stefna_stjornvalda.pdf ]
[ https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/Skyrslur/adgerdaaaetlun_fyrir_innleidingu_frjals_og_opins_hugbunadar_lokaskil.pdf ]

Dæmi um slíka nálgun er frumkvæði þýskra stjórnvalda að stafrænu fullveldi: ZenDis (Zentrum Digitale Souveränität):
[ https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/centre-digital-sovereignty (á ensku) ]
[ https://zendis.de/ (á þýsku) ]

Zendis hefur þróað OpenDesk sem er opinn hugbúnaður ætlaður stjórnvöldum og stofnunum sem kemur í staðinn fyrir þá Microsoft þjónustu sem nú er notuð af stjórnvöldum.
[ https://opendesk.eu/en/ (á ensku) ]

Jafnvel þó mögulega vakni áhyggjur um að slík sjálfhýst þjónusta sé ekki eins örugg og þjónustan sem er í boði hjá Microsoft, þá verður að taka fram að netöryggiseftirlitsráð Bandaríkjanna hefur gefið út skýrslu um skýjaöryggi Microsoft þar sem fram kom að hópur sem tengist stjórnvöldum í Alþýðulýðveldinu Kína hefur brotist inn í Microsoft skýjakerfið og fengið aðgang að tölvupósti stjórnvalda, þannig að notkun Microsoft þjónustu gæti verið enn óöruggari en þjónusta sem hýst er á Íslandi.
[ https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/CSRB_Review_of_the_Summer_2023_MEO_Intrusion_Final_508c.pdf (á ensku) ]

Þó að hægt sé að nota opinn hugbúnað sér að kostnaðarlausu þyrfti íslenska ríkið vissulega að greiða tölvunarfræðingum og öðru starfsfólki tengdu upplýsingatækni fyrir umsjón og rekstur hugbúnaðarins. Þetta leiðir til kostnaðar, en búast má við að hann sé lægri* en það sem Microsoft rukkar (vegna þess að Microsoft er hagnaðarmiðað fyrirtæki). Auk þess væri kostnaðurinn í formi launa sem greidd eru til fólks á Íslandi, þ.e.a.s. peningarnir með sköttum haldast á Íslandi. Annar kostur er að þekking og færni skapast til að reka og þróa flókin tölvukerfi á Íslandi.

*Þetta sést til dæmis af reynslu við að reka Reiknistofnun Háskóla Íslands á sínum tíma. Kostnaður jókst við að taka í notkun Microsoft þjónustur.

Anna Helga Jónsdóttir, prófessor í tölfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir, rannsakandi í netöryggi við Háskóla Íslands
Benjamin Hennig, prófessor í landfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Bjarnheiður Kristinsdóttir, lektor í stærðfræði og stærðfræðimenntun við Háskóla Íslands
Esa Hyytiä, prófessor í tölvunarfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Freyja Hreinsdóttir, prófessor í stærðfræði og stærðfræðimenntun við Háskóla Íslands
Helmut Neukirchen, prófessor í tölvunarfræði og hugbúnaðarverkfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Kristján Jónasson, prófessor í stærðfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Matthias Book, prófessor í tölvunarfræði og hugbúnaðarverkfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Orri Vésteinsson, prófessor í fornleifafræði við Háskóla Íslands
Sigrún Helga Lund, prófessor í tölfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Sigurður Örn Stefánsson, prófessor í stærðfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Thomas Welsh, lektor í tölvunarfræði og hugbúnaðarverkfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Valentina Giangreco M Puletti, prófessor í stærðfræði við Háskóla Íslands
Viðar Guðmundsson, prófessor í eðlisfræði við Háskóla Íslands

P.S.: After submitting this text I got aware that the city of Munich, Germany, even offers an Open Source Sabbatical: Professionally qualified programmers can participate in open sourceprojects for a limited time and improve them.

ICANN DNSSEC training event at University of Iceland

Helmut Neukirchen, 23. January 2025

 

ICANN (the organisation that, e.g., decided that there is an .is top-level domain) will offer a technical training on DNSSEC that is hosted by the Computer Science department of University of Iceland.

DNSSEC uses cryptography to guarantee that not everyone can fake an answer to a request to resolve, e.g. island.is, to an IP address – but only the authoritative owner of that domain will be able to that.

This training is for everyone who now or in future is in charge of a domain and wants to use DNSSEC to secure the address resolution of that domain -- or for those who just want to learn about how the Domain Name System, (DNS) works.

To quote one of our MSc students in Cybersecurity who participated at such a training event last year:
“It was really interesting to see everything that goes into securing the DNS. Really good training with talented experts! Highly recommend going!”

Topics

Introduction / DNS Recap

  • Zone Files, Resource Records and roles
  • Reverse DNS 
  • DNS Resolution Process and debugging
  • TSIG and ACL

DNSSEC

  • Signing
  • Validation
  • Non-existence
  • Key management
  • Chain of Trust
  • Policy Considerations
  • Setting up validation in a Recursive Server
  • Signing Zones (Authoritative Servers)
  • DNSSEC operations and maintenance
  • Tools: Troubleshooting and Monitoring
  • Overview of DANE, TLS and DNSSEC

Labs

  • DNS/DNSSEC debugging 
  • Zone creation and configuration: primary and secondaries
  • Zone signing: manualand automatic  signing
  • Establish and confirm chain of trust
  • DNSSEC validation (recursive resolver)

Trainer: Ulrich Wisser, ICANN Technical Engagement Manager, Europe

For the labs, you need to bring your own laptop. ICANN will provide you with virtual machines

Dates and Location

Tuesday and Wednesday, 4th and 5th of February 2025, 9:00-17:00, Askja building, University of Iceland

Registration

Limited space available for students (as it is also open for industry people): first-come-first-served.

https://www.icann.org/en/engagement-calendar/details/dnssec-training-at-iceland-university-2025-02-04


This event is in the context of our cybersecurity activities and the ECCC/EU co-funded projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


2nd funding round of Cybersecurity grants for Icelandic SME companies

Helmut Neukirchen, 20. January 2025

After a successful first round of Cybersecurity grants for Icelandic SME companies, Rannís
Icelandic Smaller and Middle-size Enterprises (SMEs) can now for a second time apply for cybersecurity-related funding. The call topics are the same as last time:

  • strengthening cybersecurity culture and awareness,
  • efficient education, research and development,
  • secure digital services and innovation,
  • stronger law enforcement, defense and national security,
  • effective response to incidents, and
  • strong infrastructure, technology and legal framework.

This funding is in the context of the ECCC/EU co-funded project Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS). See also the official web page of Eyvör NCC-IS.


Information meeting on the courses of the joint cybersecurity master's programme.

Helmut Neukirchen, 13. January 2025

On Monday, 13.1.2025, 16:00, room M105 at Reykjavik University there will be an information meeting on the joint cybersecurity master's programme and cysec courses being offered at University of Iceland and Reykjavik University.

You can find more info here: https://uni.hi.is/helmut/cybersecurity/ -- there also the presented slides will be made available.


This joint cybersecurity master's programme would not be possible without funding from the University Collaboration Fund of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation and co-funding from the ECCC/EU for the projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


Cybersecurity research centre (rannsóknarsetrur í netöryggisfræðum) will get funded with 67.3 m.kr. by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation

Helmut Neukirchen, 18. December 2024

Reykjavik University, University of Iceland, and University of Akureyri and applied together for funding in order to establish a joint Cybersecurity research centre. The Minister of Higher Education, Science and Innovation announced that the thre universities will together get for the project Rannsóknarsetur um netöryggisfræði get 67.3 million ISK funding over 2 years from the university collaboration fund (Samstarf háskóla). This is a continuation of a established collaboration that created the M.Sc. cybersecurity specialisations/emphasis that received previously 2 years of funding.

However, we envisaged a significantly higher grant and with that, the idea was to use the grant to introduce a new Ph.D. program, co-funding two Ph.D. student positions, to hold community engagement activities, to organise a "Defend the Flag" contest, and to create undergraduate and M.Sc research opportunities. Now, with the lower funding, we need to adjust our vision for the Cybersecurity research centre.

The grant will also be used as co-funding for cybersecurity Digital Europe Programme projects that are funded by the EU, however only at a 50% funding rate, so that the ministry funding is needed to provide part of the co-funding.

As we will have soon a new government in Iceland, we can expect that the ministries will get re-organised and we have to see what this means for this funding.