Category: Research

Interview with 2008 ACM A.M. Turing Award winner Barbara Liskov

Helmut Neukirchen, 30. September 2026

I stumbled over a nice interview with 2008 ACM A.M. Turing Award winner Barbara Liskov -- a pioneer in Software Engineering and Distributed Systems.

Alone her comment on Python's lack of encapsulation is worth viewing it from a Software Engineering point of view.

There have been concerns on implications for agentic AI because LLMs are known to cheat: e.g. instead of trying to find the solution on their own, agentic AI swarms hack into HuggingFace hoping to find some help for the solution there.

Therefore, instead of adhering to encapsulation conventions, GenAI might simply break encapsulation in the generated Python code if the AI thinks that this helps to solve the problem at hand.

I have the hope that an agentic AI that is used to produce Python code respects rules that guide it to adhere to encapsulation in Python code.

By the way: ArchUnit is a way to check adherence to architectural rules (and a version for Python exists as well) and this can be used in agentic AI tool chains to test adherence to architectural rules.

European Researchers' Night 2026 / Vísindavaka 2026

Helmut Neukirchen, 25. September 2026

The Computer Science Department at the University of Iceland was at the European Researchers' Night 2026 / Vísindavaka 2026 on 26. September 2026, 12:00-17:00, at Laugardalshöll in Reykjavik.

The above picture with the crowd shows only a quarter of the floor.

The Computer Science Department had a couple of booths there, showcasing our activities in a way accessible to the general public. More than 10 000 visitors came and many tried our interactive exhibitions:




Gagnabær ("Datatown") digital twin together with a physical LEGO model of Iceland representing critical infrastructure. Users can interactively defend or attack critical infrastructure and learn that services influence each other: what does it help to defend the hospital if it does not get electricity (after running out of emergency power supply) or water because the utilities are under attack?!

The Ambassador of the European Union to Iceland, H.E. Clara Ganslandt, did visit our booth as this project is co-funded by the European Union and the European Cybersecurity Competence Centre.The video snippet below is an excerpt from the full video available at the Facebook page ESB - Evrópusambandið á Íslandi / European Union in Iceland:




Food supply chains can not only be affected by pandemics, but also by cyber attacks: simulate when shops in Iceland would run out of stock.



As University of Iceland is recognized as a global leader in remote sensing (according to the Shanghai subject ranking), we had a demo where Landsat satellite images that contain features that look like letters in the alphabet were used, so that could find Your Name in Landsat images. In the example, you can see the name Helmut spelled using, e.g., a U-shaped iceberg from Greenland.





AI aquarium: draw you favorite underwater animal, take a photo, upload it to an AI, and see it swim and spawn in the virtual aquarium.



The Computer Science Department has been for years the driving technical force behind the First Lego League Ísland. Now, this has phased out and we are now backing the World Robot Olympiad which is more open to other technologies and age groups.


Behind (or in fact: above) the scenes: the organisers of Vísindavaka asked me to count the number of visitors by having a camera at the entrance that counts people entering and exiting. This ran GDPR-compliant (counting was done in real time and no video was stored, nor were people re-identified). This year, I had a camera with a better quality (an old Pixel 3a smartphone running as webcam), so the software was able to count significantly more visitors -- but still, the software was more reliable in counting people exiting than entering and anecdotical evidence showed that still not all people leaving were counted, so the counted number of visitors is a lower bound. However, people were not re-identified, so they have been counted twice if they left and come back again (but I have the feeling that -- except for the staff -- this was not often the case). Note to self: For next year, using a tripod clamp for the smartphone and tripod might ease camera adjustment so that also people at the left and right border get counted properly. Also, connection via USB C might help to provide more charging power as the power-limited USB A connection did lead to the smartphones battery being almost empty when running from 12:00 to 17:00






Team members of the Computer Science Department (and the general director from Rannís)

Our booths at the previous European Researchers' Nights:


Parts of this event are in the context of our cybersecurity activities and the ECCC/EU co-funded projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


Open professor position in Computer Science or Software Engineering

Helmut Neukirchen, 25. September 2026

The University of Iceland invites applications for a full-time position as Assistant Professor in computer science or software engineering within the Department of Computer Science in the School of Engineering and Natural Sciences. In accordance with the University of Iceland's regulations, the duties of academic staff are divided into three main areas: research, teaching, and administration.

Field of work

  • Teaching within the department, including introductory courses
  • Supervision of master's and doctoral students
  • Conducting research in computer science, software engineering or related fields
  • Attracting domestic and international research funding
  • Participation in the administration of the department and teaching development

Qualification requirements

  • Ph.D. in computer science, software engineering or a closely related field
  • An active research record with publications in international venues in the field of computer science or software engineering
  • Good command of English, both written and spoken
  • Experience in university teaching and student supervision is an advantage
  • Experience in attracting research funding is an advantage
  • Experience in interdisciplinary collaboration and/or of collaboration with industry is an advantage
  • Good collaborative and interpersonal skills, with the ability to communicate knowledge effectively
  • The ability to teach in Icelandic is an advantage. Appointees are required to attain proficiency at the B1 level in Icelandic within four years of appointment. The University of Iceland provides support to help staff achieve the necessary language skills.

Applications are particularly encouraged from candidates working in one or more of the following areas, although applications from other areas of computer science are also welcome:

  • Human-computer interaction. User-centred software engineering, requirements engineering, user experience and interaction design, accessible and inclusive design, together with qualitative and quantitative methods for user research.
  • Applied artificial intelligence. Software development supported by generative AI, based on formal and informal specifications; verification and validation of AI-generated code; together with the design, orchestration and evaluation of AI agents that carry out tasks with limited supervision.
  • Cyber-physical systems. Embedded systems, edge computing, robotics, and distributed or resource-constrained systems.
  • Cybersecurity. Security and resilience of software, systems and networks; cryptography and secure protocols; vulnerability analysis; monitoring of and response to security incidents; together with the human dimensions of cybersecurity.

Application process

The position will be filled for a term of five years, with the possibility of a permanent appointment thereafter, cf. Paragraph 3, Article 31 of the Rules of the University of Iceland No. 569/2009. Applicants who meet the relevant requirements may apply for expedited promotion immediately following recruitment under Article 3 of Regulation no. 1300/2020 on promotion of academic staff at the University of Iceland.
The processing of applications, evaluation of candidates` qualifications, and appointment to the position shall follow the provisions of Act No. 85/2008 on Public Universities and the Rules of the University of Iceland No. 569/2009.

Applicants must submit the following documents with their application:

  1. A cover letter outlining, among other things, how the applicant meets the qualification requirements
  2. Diploma(s) or, where applicable, a certificate of academic record
  3. Academic curriculum vitae (CV)
  4. List of publications
  5. A report on research work and other professional work undertaken
  6. A statement of research and teaching plans if appointed
  7. Information on potential referees who may be contacted

The application must indicate which of the applicant`s publications, up to eight in total, are considered most significant with regard to the position in question. Applicants should submit only these publications with their application or provide information on where they are electronically accessible. If a submitted work has multiple authors, applicants must clarify their individual contribution to the work. Application materials that cannot be submitted electronically should be sent in two copies to the Science and Innovation Department, University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík.

All applications will be answered, and applicants will be informed of the outcome once a decision has been made. Applications may remain valid for six months after the application deadline.

In hiring for positions at the University of Iceland, the University`s equality policy is taken into account. Attention is also drawn to the University of Iceland`s language policy.

Since 1911, the University of Iceland has been a leading institution for business and societal progress in Iceland. It is a forward-looking research university and an active participant in international scientific collaboration.

The University of Iceland is the largest university in the country, offering nearly 400 programs at the undergraduate, master`s, and doctoral levels. Approximately 14,000 students are enrolled, including over 2,000 international students.

More than 1,800 staff members work at the University of Iceland. The university emphasizes attracting a diverse community of employees and students to an international academic environment, where academic freedom, professionalism, equality, diversity, and inclusion are prioritized.

Application deadline

Application deadline is 02.10.2026, 23:59 UTC+0.

For further information contact

Kristján Jónasson

jonasson@hi.is

Hafsteinn Einarsson

hafsteinne@hi.is

Online application form Note: you can switch to English and while it offers you to sign in with an Icelandic Id number or even electronic Id, non-Icelandic residents can also simply register a new user.

17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime successfully held in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026

Helmut Neukirchen, 23. September 2026

The 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime (ICDF2C 2026) was successfully held in Reykjavik.

ICDF2C 2026 participants

Thanks to everyone who made this event possible!

Proceedings have been published and can be accessed via SpringerLink and you should be able to get even 20% off:

ICDF2C 2027 will be in New York. Submission deadline is 15 December 2026.

Late track 25th April 2026 deadline: 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026

Helmut Neukirchen, 1. April 2026

Update: All notifications have been sent. The tutorial and the workshop have been cancelled, workshop papers have been integrated into the main track.

Update (12th of May 2026): For some of the papers submitted to the second submission round, we have today sent out notifications. But others are still under review, so please be patient if you submitted to the second submission round and did not yet get a notification. While some accepted papers are already listed (e.g. from the first submission round), if you did not yet get a notification, then your paper is still under review.

Update (7th of May 2026): we are late with notifications for the second submission round that was planned to be 7th of May 2026.

A late track submissions has been opened with new deadlines (this is strictly speaking not a deadline extension as the submissions of the first two rounds will be reviewed already now and notificated as planned):

Late track Submission deadline: 25th April 2026

Late track Poster submission deadline: 25th April 2026

Late track Notification: 17th May 2026

Late track Camera ready: 30th May 2026

Also notice the Workshop Trust and Deception as Security Primitives that has still submission open.

In addition, there will be a tutorial: Autonomous Drone Systems Cybersecurity and Threat Intelligence

The 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime (ICDF2C 2026) will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026. Hosted by the Computer Science department of University of Iceland. Proceedings published by Springer.

For more details, check the original call.


CALL FOR PAPERS Late track extended deadline (Apologies for cross-posting)

EAI ICDF2C 2026: 
17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime
publication by Springer

https://icdf2c.eai-conferences.org/2026/

When: 8 - 10 September, 2026

Where: Reykjavik, Iceland

Late track Submission deadline: 25th April 2026

Late track Workshop submission deadline: 25th April 2026

Late track Notification: 17th May 2026

Late track Camera ready: 30th May 2026


Scope

The 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber
Crime (ICDF2C) will be held on 8-10 September, 2026, in Reykjavik
(Iceland). This three-day event is expected to attract over 100
participants, including academics, practitioners, criminologists (or
law enforcement) and vendors, providing business and intellectual
engagement opportunities among attendees. The conference is organized
by the European Alliance for Innovation (EAI).

This conference's theme is cyber analytics and forensics in the era of
emerging threats. Novel cyber threats are continuously emerging,
catalysed by the rapid deployment of Large Language Models and other
AI across many domains which increases the threat surface in many
sectors such as Smart Industry, Fintech and digital government. The
focus of this conference is to provide a platform for discussing these
emerging threats and to identify priorities for the community to
target with the next generation of cyber analytics. We particularly
welcome research which studies the dynamics between human factors and
AI technologies and the corresponding impact upon cybersecurity and
forensics.

We encourage the authors to use the Posters and Demos venue as a way to 
open up discussions with the ICDF2C community about their early work in 
progress and develop the work for future collaborations. 
Representatives from industry, including established companies and 
startups, are warmly welcome to showcase products and services that 
are related to the topics of the conference.


Workshop: Trust and Deception as Security Primitives
Social engineering remains one of the most effective attack vectors 
against modern socio-technical systems, yet it is still poorly integrated 
into formal security engineering practice. This workshop advances a 
unifying perspective that treats trust and deception as first-class 
security primitives—measurable, attackable, and engineerable system 
properties across human, organizational, and AI-mediated environments.

The workshop brings together researchers and practitioners working on 
adversarial modeling, trust measurement, AI-mediated influence, 
detection systems, and human-in-the-loop defenses. 
Participants will examine how social engineering threats can be 
rigorously modeled, empirically evaluated, and mitigated using 
computational, organizational, and policy-aware approaches.

Through paper presentations and structured breakout discussions, 
the workshop aims to (1) consolidate fragmented research threads 
into a coherent socio-technical security framework, 
(2) identify shared metrics and evaluation challenges, and 
(3) define a research roadmap for defensible, trustworthy systems 
in high-consequence domains. 


Tutorial: Autonomous Drone Systems Cybersecurity and Threat Intelligence
An intensive 4-hour program exploring critical intersections of 
autonomous drone technologies, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and 
strategic threat intelligence. Designed for cybersecurity professionals, 
intelligence analysts, and technology researchers seeking advanced 
insights into drone system exploitation and defensive strategies.

***

Publication

All registered papers will be submitted for publishing by Springer –
LNICST series and made available through SpringerLink Digital Library:
ICDF2C proceedings.

Proceedings will be submitted for inclusion in leading indexing
services, such as Web of Science, Compendex, Scopus, DBLP, EU Digital
Library, IO-Port, MatchSciNet, Inspec and Zentralblatt MATH.

All accepted authors are eligible to submit an extended version 
in a fast track of:
- EAI Endorsed Transactions on Security and Safety
- EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things

***

Topics

Theme: Cyber analytics and forensics in the era of emerging threats.

Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and other related technologies:
- Anti-forensics and anti-anti-forensics (e.g., deepfake)
- Deep learning
- Explainable AI (XAI)
- Generative AI (GenAI)
- Large language model (LLM)

Device forensics:
- Blockchain investigations
- Internet of Things (IoT) forensics 
 (including industrial IoT, medical IoT, military IoT, battlefield IoT, and vehicular IoT)
- Edge and/or cloud forensics
- Network and distributed system forensics
- Virtual / augmented reality (VR/AR) forensics
- Other emerging / contemporary technologies 
 (e.g., hardware and software such as firmware and operating systems)

Financial crime investigations:
- Financial frauds and scams
- Cryptocurrency investigations
- Market manipulation investigations
- Anti-money laundering / counter terrorism financing investigations
- Anti-corruption investigations

Cyber security and analytics:
- Network security (e.g., intrusion detection)
- Malware analysis
- IoT security
- Security operations center
- Virtual / augmented reality (VR/AR)

Education and Evaluation:
- Case studies – legal (e.g., child sexual abuse material) and/or technical
- Infrastructure
- Methodology
- Replicability and validity
- Tool validation

Theory and fundamentals:
- Anti-forensics and anti-anti-forensics (e.g., encryption and deepfake)
- Frameworks (legal, policy, and/or technical)
- Privacy-preserving forensics
- Social and privacy
- Steganography and steganalysis
- Visualization methods and tools for forensic analysis

***

General Chairs
Helmut Neukirchen - University of Iceland, Iceland
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo - University of Texas at San Antonio, USA

Technical Program Committee Chairs
Thomas Welsh - University of Iceland, Iceland
Hans P. Reiser - Reykjavík University, Iceland
Raymond Chan - Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore

***

This event is organized by EAI https://eai.eu/

EAI – European Alliance for Innovation is a non-profit organization
and a professional community established in cooperation with the
European Commission to empower the global research and innovation, and
to promote cooperation between European and International ICT
communities. 

Extended Deadline: 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026

Helmut Neukirchen, 23. January 2026

Update: A second round for submissions has been opened with new deadlines (this is strictly speaking not a deadline extension as the submissions of the first round will be reviewed already now and notificated as planned):

2nd round Submission deadline: March 27 2026

2nd round Notification: April 30 2026

2nd round Camera ready: May 15 2026

The 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime (ICDF2C 2026) will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026. Hosted by the Computer Science department of University of Iceland. Proceedings published by Springer.

For more details, check the original call.

Call for Papers: 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026

Helmut Neukirchen, 17. November 2025

Update: A 2nd round for submissions has been opened with new deadlines (This is strictly speaking not a deadline extension as the submissions of the first round will be reviewed already now and notificated as planned):

Submission deadline: March 27 2026

Notification: April 30 2026

Camera ready: May 15 2026

The 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime (ICDF2C 2026) will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, 8 - 10 September, 2026. Hosted by the Computer Science department of University of Iceland. Proceedings published by Springer.

Deadline for workshop proposals (includes tutorial or doctoral consortium): 5 December, 2025

Notification of workshop proposal acceptance: 10 December, 2025

Paper submission deadline: 20th January, 2026

Poster and Demo submission deadline: 30th of March, 2026.

For further details, check the conference web page.
As poster (with QR code and URL added, but currently still with deadlines from the first round) in: 100 DPI JPG format, A4 format, A3 format, US Legal format, US Letter format.


CALL FOR PAPERS (Apologies for cross-posting)

EAI ICDF2C 2026: 
17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime
publication by Springer

https://icdf2c.eai-conferences.org/2026/

When: 8 - 10 September, 2026

Where: Reykjavik, Iceland

Deadline for workshop proposals
(includes tutorial or doctoral consortium): 5 December, 2025

Notification of workshop proposal acceptance: 10 December, 2025

Paper submission deadline: 20th January, 2026

Paper notification deadline: 25th April, 2026

Paper camera-ready deadline: 15th May, 2026

Poster and Demo submission deadline: 30th of March, 2026.


Scope

The 17th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber
Crime (ICDF2C) will be held on 8-10 September, 2026, in Reykjavik
(Iceland). This three-day event is expected to attract over 100
participants, including academics, practitioners, criminologists (or
law enforcement) and vendors, providing business and intellectual
engagement opportunities among attendees. The conference is organized
by the European Alliance for Innovation (EAI).

This conference's theme is cyber analytics and forensics in the era of
emerging threats. Novel cyber threats are continuously emerging,
catalysed by the rapid deployment of Large Language Models and other
AI across many domains which increases the threat surface in many
sectors such as Smart Industry, Fintech and digital government. The
focus of this conference is to provide a platform for discussing these
emerging threats and to identify priorities for the community to
target with the next generation of cyber analytics. We particularly
welcome research which studies the dynamics between human factors and
AI technologies and the corresponding impact upon cybersecurity and
forensics.

Potential workshops may include: doctoral consortium for PhD students, 
tutorials such as password cracking for forensics, forensic education, 
forensic applications of AI, responding to an incident from a police 
or corporate interaction perspective, including what to expect when 
you involve law enforcement.

We encourage the authors to use the Posters and Demos venue as a way to 
open up discussions with the ICDF2C community about their early work in 
progress and develop the work for future collaborations. 
Representatives from industry, including established companies and 
startups, are warmly welcome to showcase products and services that 
are related to the topics of the conference.

***

Publication

All registered papers will be submitted for publishing by Springer –
LNICST series and made available through SpringerLink Digital Library:
ICDF2C proceedings.

Proceedings will be submitted for inclusion in leading indexing
services, such as Web of Science, Compendex, Scopus, DBLP, EU Digital
Library, IO-Port, MatchSciNet, Inspec and Zentralblatt MATH.

All accepted authors are eligible to submit an extended version 
in a fast track of:
- EAI Endorsed Transactions on Security and Safety
- EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things

***

Topics

Theme: Cyber analytics and forensics in the era of emerging threats.

Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and other related technologies:
- Anti-forensics and anti-anti-forensics (e.g., deepfake)
- Deep learning
- Explainable AI (XAI)
- Generative AI (GenAI)
- Large language model (LLM)

Device forensics:
- Blockchain investigations
- Internet of Things (IoT) forensics 
 (including industrial IoT, medical IoT, military IoT, battlefield IoT, and vehicular IoT)
- Edge and/or cloud forensics
- Network and distributed system forensics
- Virtual / augmented reality (VR/AR) forensics
- Other emerging / contemporary technologies 
 (e.g., hardware and software such as firmware and operating systems)

Financial crime investigations:
- Financial frauds and scams
- Cryptocurrency investigations
- Market manipulation investigations
- Anti-money laundering / counter terrorism financing investigations
- Anti-corruption investigations

Cyber security and analytics:
- Network security (e.g., intrusion detection)
- Malware analysis
- IoT security
- Security operations center
- Virtual / augmented reality (VR/AR)

Education and Evaluation:
- Case studies – legal (e.g., child sexual abuse material) and/or technical
- Infrastructure
- Methodology
- Replicability and validity
- Tool validation

Theory and fundamentals:
- Anti-forensics and anti-anti-forensics (e.g., encryption and deepfake)
- Frameworks (legal, policy, and/or technical)
- Privacy-preserving forensics
- Social and privacy
- Steganography and steganalysis
- Visualization methods and tools for forensic analysis

***

General Chairs
Helmut Neukirchen - University of Iceland, Iceland
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo - University of Texas at San Antonio, USA

Technical Program Committee Chairs
Thomas Welsh - University of Iceland, Iceland
Hans P. Reiser - Reykjavík University, Iceland
Raymond Chan - Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore

***

This event is organized by EAI https://eai.eu/

EAI – European Alliance for Innovation is a non-profit organization
and a professional community established in cooperation with the
European Commission to empower the global research and innovation, and
to promote cooperation between European and International ICT
communities. 

Two cybersecurity papers accepted: one at the 3rd International Conference on Foundation Models and Large Language Models (FLLM2025) and one at the 12th IEEE International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS-2025)

Helmut Neukirchen, 11. November 2025

We have two research papers accepted: one at the 3rd International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM2025) and one at the 12th IEEE International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS-2025) -- both conferences are co-located, saving CO2 footprint as only one presenter needs to fly to Vienna in order to present both papers.

  • Adetayo Adebimpe, Helmut Neukirchen, Thomas Welsh
    SBASH: a Framework for Designing and Evaluating RAG vs. Prompt-Tuned LLM Honeypots.
    The 3rd International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM2025), IEEE, to appear 2025.
    Download Postprint DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2510.21459
  • Thomas Welsh, Kristófer Finnsson, Brynjólfur Stefánsson, Helmut Neukirchen
    Towards Socio-Technical Topology-Aware Adaptive Threat Detection in Software Supply Chains.
    The 12 International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS 2025), IEEE, to appear 2025.
    Download Postprint DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2510.21452


This research is in the context of our cybersecurity activities and the ECCC/EU co-funded projects ICEDEF – Defend Iceland and Eyvör – the National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre of Iceland (NCC-IS).


2024 Icelandic Software Developer Survey

Helmut Neukirchen, 31. October 2025

I just stumbled over the 2024 Icelandic Developer Survey: Compensation, Technologies, and more that was based asking members of an Icelandic SW developer Facebook group to fill out a survey.

Having been involved in other IT-related survey's in Iceland (e.g.: The state of cybersecurity vulnerability reporting in Iceland), this is interesting work.

ISO 4: standardised abbreviations used for words in scientific citations

Helmut Neukirchen, 23. October 2025

If page limit is an issue for you as an author of a scientific paper, then shortening references may be a way to squeeze out a few lines, e.g. using in the references section IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. instead of IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

This is based on the ISO 4 standard: Words such as articles (the), conjunctions (and), and prepositions (for/of/in) are generally removed and a List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA) is used to abbreviate common title words.

You can look up the words in the LTWA at https://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/.

However, that list seems not be exhaustive: I have seen journals themselves using abbreviations not contained in the LTWA.

It therefore helps to search also for the full name and add as search term iso 4 or to check whether there is a Wikipedia article that contains the ISO 4 abbreviation or to look up the journal at https://www.resurchify.com/impact/details/ or at https://paperpile.com/guides/resources/abbreviations/